diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index ab8b6282..03b2a4dc 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -570,6 +570,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "pairing 0.14.2",
  "rand 0.4.2 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "sapling-crypto 0.0.1",
+ "zcash_primitives 0.0.0",
 ]
 
 [metadata]
diff --git a/librustzcash/src/rustzcash.rs b/librustzcash/src/rustzcash.rs
index 51a980e8..cfb26e10 100644
--- a/librustzcash/src/rustzcash.rs
+++ b/librustzcash/src/rustzcash.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ extern crate zcash_proofs;
 
 extern crate lazy_static;
 
-use ff::{BitIterator, PrimeField, PrimeFieldRepr};
+use ff::{PrimeField, PrimeFieldRepr};
 use pairing::bls12_381::{Bls12, Fr, FrRepr};
 
 use sapling_crypto::{
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ use sapling_crypto::{
         fs::{Fs, FsRepr},
         FixedGenerators, JubjubEngine, JubjubParams, PrimeOrder, ToUniform, Unknown,
     },
-    pedersen_hash::{pedersen_hash, Personalization},
     redjubjub::{self, Signature},
 };
 
@@ -58,10 +57,15 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStringExt;
 
 use sapling_crypto::primitives::{ProofGenerationKey, ViewingKey};
-use zcash_primitives::{note_encryption::sapling_ka_agree, sapling::spend_sig, zip32, JUBJUB};
+use zcash_primitives::{
+    merkle_tree::CommitmentTreeWitness,
+    note_encryption::sapling_ka_agree,
+    sapling::{merkle_hash, spend_sig},
+    zip32, JUBJUB,
+};
 use zcash_proofs::{
     load_parameters,
-    sapling::{CommitmentTreeWitness, SaplingProvingContext, SaplingVerificationContext},
+    sapling::{SaplingProvingContext, SaplingVerificationContext},
 };
 
 pub mod equihash;
@@ -255,28 +259,7 @@ pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_merkle_hash(
     // size of the representation
     let b_repr = read_le(unsafe { &(&*b)[..] });
 
-    let mut lhs = [false; 256];
-    let mut rhs = [false; 256];
-
-    for (a, b) in lhs.iter_mut().rev().zip(BitIterator::new(a_repr)) {
-        *a = b;
-    }
-
-    for (a, b) in rhs.iter_mut().rev().zip(BitIterator::new(b_repr)) {
-        *a = b;
-    }
-
-    let tmp = pedersen_hash::<Bls12, _>(
-        Personalization::MerkleTree(depth),
-        lhs.iter()
-            .map(|&x| x)
-            .take(Fr::NUM_BITS as usize)
-            .chain(rhs.iter().map(|&x| x).take(Fr::NUM_BITS as usize)),
-        &JUBJUB,
-    )
-    .into_xy()
-    .0
-    .into_repr();
+    let tmp = merkle_hash(depth, &a_repr, &b_repr);
 
     // Should be okay, caller is responsible for ensuring the pointer
     // is a valid pointer to 32 bytes that can be mutated.
diff --git a/zcash_primitives/src/lib.rs b/zcash_primitives/src/lib.rs
index eb33461a..70bd8fad 100644
--- a/zcash_primitives/src/lib.rs
+++ b/zcash_primitives/src/lib.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ use sapling_crypto::jubjub::JubjubBls12;
 
 pub mod block;
 pub mod keys;
+pub mod merkle_tree;
 pub mod note_encryption;
 pub mod sapling;
 mod serialize;
diff --git a/zcash_primitives/src/merkle_tree.rs b/zcash_primitives/src/merkle_tree.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..118d7dbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zcash_primitives/src/merkle_tree.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1072 @@
+//! Implementation of a Merkle tree of commitments used to prove the existence of notes.
+
+use byteorder::{LittleEndian, ReadBytesExt};
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
+use std::io::{self, Read, Write};
+use std::iter;
+
+use sapling::SAPLING_COMMITMENT_TREE_DEPTH;
+use serialize::{Optional, Vector};
+
+/// A hashable node within a Merkle tree.
+pub trait Hashable: Clone + Copy {
+    /// Parses a node from the given byte source.
+    fn read<R: Read>(reader: R) -> io::Result<Self>;
+
+    /// Serializes this node.
+    fn write<W: Write>(&self, writer: W) -> io::Result<()>;
+
+    /// Returns the parent node within the tree of the two given nodes.
+    fn combine(usize, &Self, &Self) -> Self;
+
+    /// Returns a blank leaf node.
+    fn blank() -> Self;
+
+    /// Returns the empty root for the given depth.
+    fn empty_root(usize) -> Self;
+}
+
+struct PathFiller<Node: Hashable> {
+    queue: VecDeque<Node>,
+}
+
+impl<Node: Hashable> PathFiller<Node> {
+    fn empty() -> Self {
+        PathFiller {
+            queue: VecDeque::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn next(&mut self, depth: usize) -> Node {
+        self.queue
+            .pop_front()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| Node::empty_root(depth))
+    }
+}
+
+/// A Merkle tree of note commitments.
+///
+/// The depth of the Merkle tree is fixed at 32, equal to the depth of the Sapling
+/// commitment tree.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct CommitmentTree<Node: Hashable> {
+    left: Option<Node>,
+    right: Option<Node>,
+    parents: Vec<Option<Node>>,
+}
+
+impl<Node: Hashable> CommitmentTree<Node> {
+    /// Creates an empty tree.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        CommitmentTree {
+            left: None,
+            right: None,
+            parents: vec![],
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Reads a `CommitmentTree` from its serialized form.
+    pub fn read<R: Read>(mut reader: R) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        let left = Optional::read(&mut reader, |r| Node::read(r))?;
+        let right = Optional::read(&mut reader, |r| Node::read(r))?;
+        let parents = Vector::read(&mut reader, |r| Optional::read(r, |r| Node::read(r)))?;
+
+        Ok(CommitmentTree {
+            left,
+            right,
+            parents,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Serializes this tree as an array of bytes.
+    pub fn write<W: Write>(&self, mut writer: W) -> io::Result<()> {
+        Optional::write(&mut writer, &self.left, |w, n| n.write(w))?;
+        Optional::write(&mut writer, &self.right, |w, n| n.write(w))?;
+        Vector::write(&mut writer, &self.parents, |w, e| {
+            Optional::write(w, e, |w, n| n.write(w))
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of leaf nodes in the tree.
+    pub fn size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.parents.iter().enumerate().fold(
+            match (self.left, self.right) {
+                (None, None) => 0,
+                (Some(_), None) => 1,
+                (Some(_), Some(_)) => 2,
+                (None, Some(_)) => unreachable!(),
+            },
+            |acc, (i, p)| {
+                // Treat occupation of parents array as a binary number
+                // (right-shifted by 1)
+                acc + if p.is_some() { 1 << (i + 1) } else { 0 }
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn is_complete(&self, depth: usize) -> bool {
+        self.left.is_some()
+            && self.right.is_some()
+            && self.parents.len() == depth - 1
+            && self.parents.iter().all(|p| p.is_some())
+    }
+
+    /// Adds a leaf node to the tree.
+    ///
+    /// Returns an error if the tree is full.
+    pub fn append(&mut self, node: Node) -> Result<(), ()> {
+        self.append_inner(node, SAPLING_COMMITMENT_TREE_DEPTH)
+    }
+
+    fn append_inner(&mut self, node: Node, depth: usize) -> Result<(), ()> {
+        if self.is_complete(depth) {
+            // Tree is full
+            return Err(());
+        }
+
+        match (self.left, self.right) {
+            (None, _) => self.left = Some(node),
+            (_, None) => self.right = Some(node),
+            (Some(l), Some(r)) => {
+                let mut combined = Node::combine(0, &l, &r);
+                self.left = Some(node);
+                self.right = None;
+
+                for i in 0..depth {
+                    if i < self.parents.len() {
+                        if let Some(p) = self.parents[i] {
+                            combined = Node::combine(i + 1, &p, &combined);
+                            self.parents[i] = None;
+                        } else {
+                            self.parents[i] = Some(combined);
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        self.parents.push(Some(combined));
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the current root of the tree.
+    pub fn root(&self) -> Node {
+        self.root_inner(SAPLING_COMMITMENT_TREE_DEPTH, PathFiller::empty())
+    }
+
+    fn root_inner(&self, depth: usize, mut filler: PathFiller<Node>) -> Node {
+        assert!(depth > 0);
+
+        // 1) Hash left and right leaves together.
+        //    - Empty leaves are used as needed.
+        let leaf_root = Node::combine(
+            0,
+            &match self.left {
+                Some(node) => node,
+                None => filler.next(0),
+            },
+            &match self.right {
+                Some(node) => node,
+                None => filler.next(0),
+            },
+        );
+
+        // 2) Hash in parents up to the currently-filled depth.
+        //    - Roots of the empty subtrees are used as needed.
+        let mid_root = self
+            .parents
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .fold(leaf_root, |root, (i, p)| match p {
+                Some(node) => Node::combine(i + 1, node, &root),
+                None => Node::combine(i + 1, &root, &filler.next(i + 1)),
+            });
+
+        // 3) Hash in roots of the empty subtrees up to the final depth.
+        ((self.parents.len() + 1)..depth)
+            .fold(mid_root, |root, d| Node::combine(d, &root, &filler.next(d)))
+    }
+}
+
+/// An updatable witness to a path from a position in a particular [`CommitmentTree`].
+///
+/// Appending the same commitments in the same order to both the original
+/// [`CommitmentTree`] and this `IncrementalWitness` will result in a witness to the path
+/// from the target position to the root of the updated tree.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// extern crate pairing;
+/// extern crate rand;
+/// extern crate zcash_primitives;
+///
+/// use pairing::bls12_381::FrRepr;
+/// use rand::{OsRng, Rand};
+/// use zcash_primitives::{
+///     merkle_tree::{CommitmentTree, IncrementalWitness},
+///     sapling::Node,
+/// };
+///
+/// let mut rng = OsRng::new().unwrap();
+/// let mut tree = CommitmentTree::<Node>::new();
+///
+/// tree.append(Node::new(FrRepr::rand(&mut rng)));
+/// tree.append(Node::new(FrRepr::rand(&mut rng)));
+/// let mut witness = IncrementalWitness::from_tree(&tree);
+/// assert_eq!(witness.position(), 1);
+/// assert_eq!(tree.root(), witness.root());
+///
+/// let cmu = Node::new(FrRepr::rand(&mut rng));
+/// tree.append(cmu);
+/// witness.append(cmu);
+/// assert_eq!(tree.root(), witness.root());
+/// ```
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct IncrementalWitness<Node: Hashable> {
+    tree: CommitmentTree<Node>,
+    filled: Vec<Node>,
+    cursor_depth: usize,
+    cursor: Option<CommitmentTree<Node>>,
+}
+
+impl<Node: Hashable> IncrementalWitness<Node> {
+    /// Creates an `IncrementalWitness` for the most recent commitment added to the given
+    /// [`CommitmentTree`].
+    pub fn from_tree(tree: &CommitmentTree<Node>) -> IncrementalWitness<Node> {
+        IncrementalWitness {
+            tree: tree.clone(),
+            filled: vec![],
+            cursor_depth: 0,
+            cursor: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Reads an `IncrementalWitness` from its serialized form.
+    pub fn read<R: Read>(mut reader: R) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        let tree = CommitmentTree::read(&mut reader)?;
+        let filled = Vector::read(&mut reader, |r| Node::read(r))?;
+        let cursor = Optional::read(&mut reader, |r| CommitmentTree::read(r))?;
+
+        let mut witness = IncrementalWitness {
+            tree,
+            filled,
+            cursor_depth: 0,
+            cursor,
+        };
+
+        witness.cursor_depth = witness.next_depth();
+
+        Ok(witness)
+    }
+
+    /// Serializes this `IncrementalWitness` as an array of bytes.
+    pub fn write<W: Write>(&self, mut writer: W) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self.tree.write(&mut writer)?;
+        Vector::write(&mut writer, &self.filled, |w, n| n.write(w))?;
+        Optional::write(&mut writer, &self.cursor, |w, t| t.write(w))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the position of the witnessed leaf node in the commitment tree.
+    pub fn position(&self) -> usize {
+        self.tree.size() - 1
+    }
+
+    fn filler(&self) -> PathFiller<Node> {
+        let cursor_root = self
+            .cursor
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|c| c.root_inner(self.cursor_depth, PathFiller::empty()));
+
+        let queue = if let Some(node) = cursor_root {
+            self.filled
+                .iter()
+                .cloned()
+                .chain(iter::once(node))
+                .collect()
+        } else {
+            self.filled.iter().cloned().collect()
+        };
+
+        PathFiller { queue }
+    }
+
+    /// Finds the next "depth" of an unfilled subtree.
+    fn next_depth(&self) -> usize {
+        let mut skip = self.filled.len();
+
+        if self.tree.left.is_none() {
+            if skip > 0 {
+                skip -= 1;
+            } else {
+                return 0;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if self.tree.right.is_none() {
+            if skip > 0 {
+                skip -= 1;
+            } else {
+                return 0;
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut d = 1;
+        for p in &self.tree.parents {
+            if p.is_none() {
+                if skip > 0 {
+                    skip -= 1;
+                } else {
+                    return d;
+                }
+            }
+            d += 1;
+        }
+
+        d + skip
+    }
+
+    /// Tracks a leaf node that has been added to the underlying tree.
+    ///
+    /// Returns an error if the tree is full.
+    pub fn append(&mut self, node: Node) -> Result<(), ()> {
+        self.append_inner(node, SAPLING_COMMITMENT_TREE_DEPTH)
+    }
+
+    fn append_inner(&mut self, node: Node, depth: usize) -> Result<(), ()> {
+        if let Some(mut cursor) = self.cursor.take() {
+            cursor
+                .append_inner(node, depth)
+                .expect("cursor should not be full");
+            if cursor.is_complete(self.cursor_depth) {
+                self.filled
+                    .push(cursor.root_inner(self.cursor_depth, PathFiller::empty()));
+            } else {
+                self.cursor = Some(cursor);
+            }
+        } else {
+            self.cursor_depth = self.next_depth();
+            if self.cursor_depth >= depth {
+                // Tree is full
+                return Err(());
+            }
+
+            if self.cursor_depth == 0 {
+                self.filled.push(node);
+            } else {
+                let mut cursor = CommitmentTree::new();
+                cursor
+                    .append_inner(node, depth)
+                    .expect("cursor should not be full");
+                self.cursor = Some(cursor);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the current root of the tree corresponding to the witness.
+    pub fn root(&self) -> Node {
+        self.root_inner(SAPLING_COMMITMENT_TREE_DEPTH)
+    }
+
+    fn root_inner(&self, depth: usize) -> Node {
+        self.tree.root_inner(depth, self.filler())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the current witness, or None if the tree is empty.
+    pub fn path(&self) -> Option<CommitmentTreeWitness<Node>> {
+        self.path_inner(SAPLING_COMMITMENT_TREE_DEPTH)
+    }
+
+    fn path_inner(&self, depth: usize) -> Option<CommitmentTreeWitness<Node>> {
+        let mut filler = self.filler();
+        let mut auth_path = Vec::new();
+
+        if let Some(node) = self.tree.left {
+            if self.tree.right.is_some() {
+                auth_path.push(Some((node, true)));
+            } else {
+                auth_path.push(Some((filler.next(0), false)));
+            }
+        } else {
+            // Can't create an authentication path for the beginning of the tree
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        for (i, p) in self.tree.parents.iter().enumerate() {
+            auth_path.push(match p {
+                Some(node) => Some((*node, true)),
+                None => Some((filler.next(i + 1), false)),
+            });
+        }
+
+        for i in self.tree.parents.len()..(depth - 1) {
+            auth_path.push(Some((filler.next(i + 1), false)));
+        }
+        assert_eq!(auth_path.len(), depth);
+
+        Some(CommitmentTreeWitness::from_path(
+            auth_path,
+            self.position() as u64,
+        ))
+    }
+}
+
+/// A witness to a path from a position in a particular commitment tree to the root of
+/// that tree.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct CommitmentTreeWitness<Node: Hashable> {
+    pub auth_path: Vec<Option<(Node, bool)>>,
+    pub position: u64,
+}
+
+impl<Node: Hashable> CommitmentTreeWitness<Node> {
+    /// Constructs a witness directly from its path and position.
+    pub fn from_path(auth_path: Vec<Option<(Node, bool)>>, position: u64) -> Self {
+        CommitmentTreeWitness {
+            auth_path,
+            position,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Reads a witness from its serialized form.
+    pub fn from_slice(witness: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, ()> {
+        Self::from_slice_with_depth(witness, SAPLING_COMMITMENT_TREE_DEPTH)
+    }
+
+    fn from_slice_with_depth(mut witness: &[u8], depth: usize) -> Result<Self, ()> {
+        // Skip the first byte, which should be "depth" to signify the length of
+        // the following vector of Pedersen hashes.
+        if witness[0] != depth as u8 {
+            return Err(());
+        }
+        witness = &witness[1..];
+
+        // Begin to construct the authentication path
+        let mut auth_path = vec![None; depth];
+
+        // The vector works in reverse
+        for i in (0..depth).rev() {
+            // skip length of inner vector
+            if witness[0] != 32 {
+                // the length of a pedersen hash
+                return Err(());
+            }
+            witness = &witness[1..];
+
+            // Grab the sibling node at this depth in the tree
+            let mut sibling = [0u8; 32];
+            sibling.copy_from_slice(&witness[0..32]);
+            witness = &witness[32..];
+
+            // Sibling node should be an element of Fr
+            let sibling = match Node::read(&sibling[..]) {
+                Ok(p) => p,
+                Err(_) => return Err(()),
+            };
+
+            // Set the value in the auth path; we put false here
+            // for now (signifying the position bit) which we'll
+            // fill in later.
+            auth_path[i] = Some((sibling, false));
+        }
+
+        // Read the position from the witness
+        let position = match witness.read_u64::<LittleEndian>() {
+            Ok(pos) => pos,
+            Err(_) => return Err(()),
+        };
+
+        // Given the position, let's finish constructing the authentication
+        // path
+        let mut tmp = position;
+        for i in 0..depth {
+            auth_path[i].as_mut().map(|p| p.1 = (tmp & 1) == 1);
+
+            tmp >>= 1;
+        }
+
+        // The witness should be empty now; if it wasn't, the caller would
+        // have provided more information than they should have, indicating
+        // a bug downstream
+        if witness.is_empty() {
+            Ok(CommitmentTreeWitness {
+                auth_path,
+                position,
+            })
+        } else {
+            Err(())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::{CommitmentTree, CommitmentTreeWitness, Hashable, IncrementalWitness, PathFiller};
+    use sapling::Node;
+
+    use ff::PrimeFieldRepr;
+    use hex;
+    use pairing::bls12_381::FrRepr;
+    use std::io::{self, Read, Write};
+
+    const HEX_EMPTY_ROOTS: [&str; 33] = [
+        "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "817de36ab2d57feb077634bca77819c8e0bd298c04f6fed0e6a83cc1356ca155",
+        "ffe9fc03f18b176c998806439ff0bb8ad193afdb27b2ccbc88856916dd804e34",
+        "d8283386ef2ef07ebdbb4383c12a739a953a4d6e0d6fb1139a4036d693bfbb6c",
+        "e110de65c907b9dea4ae0bd83a4b0a51bea175646a64c12b4c9f931b2cb31b49",
+        "912d82b2c2bca231f71efcf61737fbf0a08befa0416215aeef53e8bb6d23390a",
+        "8ac9cf9c391e3fd42891d27238a81a8a5c1d3a72b1bcbea8cf44a58ce7389613",
+        "d6c639ac24b46bd19341c91b13fdcab31581ddaf7f1411336a271f3d0aa52813",
+        "7b99abdc3730991cc9274727d7d82d28cb794edbc7034b4f0053ff7c4b680444",
+        "43ff5457f13b926b61df552d4e402ee6dc1463f99a535f9a713439264d5b616b",
+        "ba49b659fbd0b7334211ea6a9d9df185c757e70aa81da562fb912b84f49bce72",
+        "4777c8776a3b1e69b73a62fa701fa4f7a6282d9aee2c7a6b82e7937d7081c23c",
+        "ec677114c27206f5debc1c1ed66f95e2b1885da5b7be3d736b1de98579473048",
+        "1b77dac4d24fb7258c3c528704c59430b630718bec486421837021cf75dab651",
+        "bd74b25aacb92378a871bf27d225cfc26baca344a1ea35fdd94510f3d157082c",
+        "d6acdedf95f608e09fa53fb43dcd0990475726c5131210c9e5caeab97f0e642f",
+        "1ea6675f9551eeb9dfaaa9247bc9858270d3d3a4c5afa7177a984d5ed1be2451",
+        "6edb16d01907b759977d7650dad7e3ec049af1a3d875380b697c862c9ec5d51c",
+        "cd1c8dbf6e3acc7a80439bc4962cf25b9dce7c896f3a5bd70803fc5a0e33cf00",
+        "6aca8448d8263e547d5ff2950e2ed3839e998d31cbc6ac9fd57bc6002b159216",
+        "8d5fa43e5a10d11605ac7430ba1f5d81fb1b68d29a640405767749e841527673",
+        "08eeab0c13abd6069e6310197bf80f9c1ea6de78fd19cbae24d4a520e6cf3023",
+        "0769557bc682b1bf308646fd0b22e648e8b9e98f57e29f5af40f6edb833e2c49",
+        "4c6937d78f42685f84b43ad3b7b00f81285662f85c6a68ef11d62ad1a3ee0850",
+        "fee0e52802cb0c46b1eb4d376c62697f4759f6c8917fa352571202fd778fd712",
+        "16d6252968971a83da8521d65382e61f0176646d771c91528e3276ee45383e4a",
+        "d2e1642c9a462229289e5b0e3b7f9008e0301cbb93385ee0e21da2545073cb58",
+        "a5122c08ff9c161d9ca6fc462073396c7d7d38e8ee48cdb3bea7e2230134ed6a",
+        "28e7b841dcbc47cceb69d7cb8d94245fb7cb2ba3a7a6bc18f13f945f7dbd6e2a",
+        "e1f34b034d4a3cd28557e2907ebf990c918f64ecb50a94f01d6fda5ca5c7ef72",
+        "12935f14b676509b81eb49ef25f39269ed72309238b4c145803544b646dca62d",
+        "b2eed031d4d6a4f02a097f80b54cc1541d4163c6b6f5971f88b6e41d35c53814",
+        "fbc2f4300c01f0b7820d00e3347c8da4ee614674376cbc45359daa54f9b5493e",
+    ];
+
+    const TESTING_DEPTH: usize = 4;
+
+    struct TestCommitmentTree(CommitmentTree<Node>);
+
+    impl TestCommitmentTree {
+        fn new() -> Self {
+            TestCommitmentTree(CommitmentTree::new())
+        }
+
+        pub fn read<R: Read>(reader: R) -> io::Result<Self> {
+            let tree = CommitmentTree::read(reader)?;
+            Ok(TestCommitmentTree(tree))
+        }
+
+        pub fn write<W: Write>(&self, writer: W) -> io::Result<()> {
+            self.0.write(writer)
+        }
+
+        fn size(&self) -> usize {
+            self.0.size()
+        }
+
+        fn append(&mut self, node: Node) -> Result<(), ()> {
+            self.0.append_inner(node, TESTING_DEPTH)
+        }
+
+        fn root(&self) -> Node {
+            self.0.root_inner(TESTING_DEPTH, PathFiller::empty())
+        }
+    }
+
+    struct TestIncrementalWitness(IncrementalWitness<Node>);
+
+    impl TestIncrementalWitness {
+        fn from_tree(tree: &TestCommitmentTree) -> Self {
+            TestIncrementalWitness(IncrementalWitness::from_tree(&tree.0))
+        }
+
+        pub fn read<R: Read>(reader: R) -> io::Result<Self> {
+            let witness = IncrementalWitness::read(reader)?;
+            Ok(TestIncrementalWitness(witness))
+        }
+
+        pub fn write<W: Write>(&self, writer: W) -> io::Result<()> {
+            self.0.write(writer)
+        }
+
+        fn append(&mut self, node: Node) -> Result<(), ()> {
+            self.0.append_inner(node, TESTING_DEPTH)
+        }
+
+        fn root(&self) -> Node {
+            self.0.root_inner(TESTING_DEPTH)
+        }
+
+        fn path(&self) -> Option<CommitmentTreeWitness<Node>> {
+            self.0.path_inner(TESTING_DEPTH)
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn empty_root_test_vectors() {
+        let mut tmp = [0u8; 32];
+        for i in 0..HEX_EMPTY_ROOTS.len() {
+            Node::empty_root(i)
+                .write(&mut tmp[..])
+                .expect("length is 32 bytes");
+            assert_eq!(hex::encode(tmp), HEX_EMPTY_ROOTS[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sapling_empty_root() {
+        let mut tmp = [0u8; 32];
+        CommitmentTree::<Node>::new()
+            .root()
+            .write(&mut tmp[..])
+            .expect("length is 32 bytes");
+        assert_eq!(
+            hex::encode(tmp),
+            "fbc2f4300c01f0b7820d00e3347c8da4ee614674376cbc45359daa54f9b5493e"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn empty_commitment_tree_roots() {
+        let tree = CommitmentTree::<Node>::new();
+        let mut tmp = [0u8; 32];
+        for i in 1..HEX_EMPTY_ROOTS.len() {
+            tree.root_inner(i, PathFiller::empty())
+                .write(&mut tmp[..])
+                .expect("length is 32 bytes");
+            assert_eq!(hex::encode(tmp), HEX_EMPTY_ROOTS[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_sapling_tree() {
+        // From https://github.com/zcash/zcash/blob/master/src/test/data/merkle_commitments_sapling.json
+        // Byte-reversed because the original test vectors are loaded using uint256S()
+        let commitments = [
+            "b02310f2e087e55bfd07ef5e242e3b87ee5d00c9ab52f61e6bd42542f93a6f55",
+            "225747f3b5d5dab4e5a424f81f85c904ff43286e0f3fd07ef0b8c6a627b11458",
+            "7c3ea01a6e3a3d90cf59cd789e467044b5cd78eb2c84cc6816f960746d0e036c",
+            "50421d6c2c94571dfaaa135a4ff15bf916681ebd62c0e43e69e3b90684d0a030",
+            "aaec63863aaa0b2e3b8009429bdddd455e59be6f40ccab887a32eb98723efc12",
+            "f76748d40d5ee5f9a608512e7954dd515f86e8f6d009141c89163de1cf351a02",
+            "bc8a5ec71647415c380203b681f7717366f3501661512225b6dc3e121efc0b2e",
+            "da1adda2ccde9381e11151686c121e7f52d19a990439161c7eb5a9f94be5a511",
+            "3a27fed5dbbc475d3880360e38638c882fd9b273b618fc433106896083f77446",
+            "c7ca8f7df8fd997931d33985d935ee2d696856cc09cc516d419ea6365f163008",
+            "f0fa37e8063b139d342246142fc48e7c0c50d0a62c97768589e06466742c3702",
+            "e6d4d7685894d01b32f7e081ab188930be6c2b9f76d6847b7f382e3dddd7c608",
+            "8cebb73be883466d18d3b0c06990520e80b936440a2c9fd184d92a1f06c4e826",
+            "22fab8bcdb88154dbf5877ad1e2d7f1b541bc8a5ec1b52266095381339c27c03",
+            "f43e3aac61e5a753062d4d0508c26ceaf5e4c0c58ba3c956e104b5d2cf67c41c",
+            "3a3661bc12b72646c94bc6c92796e81953985ee62d80a9ec3645a9a95740ac15",
+        ];
+
+        // From https://github.com/zcash/zcash/blob/master/src/test/data/merkle_roots_sapling.json
+        let roots = [
+            "8c3daa300c9710bf24d2595536e7c80ff8d147faca726636d28e8683a0c27703",
+            "8611f17378eb55e8c3c3f0a5f002e2b0a7ca39442fc928322b8072d1079c213d",
+            "3db73b998d536be0e1c2ec124df8e0f383ae7b602968ff6a5276ca0695023c46",
+            "7ac2e6442fec5970e116dfa4f2ee606f395366cafb1fa7dfd6c3de3ce18c4363",
+            "6a8f11ab2a11c262e39ed4ea3825ae6c94739ccf94479cb69402c5722b034532",
+            "149595eed0b54a7e694cc8a68372525b9ae2c7b102514f527460db91eb690565",
+            "8c0432f1994a2381a7a4b5fda770336011f9e0b30784f9a5597901619c797045",
+            "e780c48d70420601f3313ff8488d7766b70c059c53aa3cda2ff1ef57ff62383c",
+            "f919f03caaed8a2c60f58c0d43838f83e670dc7e8ccd25daa04a13f3e8f45541",
+            "74f32b36629724038e71cbd6823b5a666440205a7d1a9242e95870b53d81f34a",
+            "a4af205a4e1ee02102866b23a68930ac33efda9235832f49b17fcc4939be4525",
+            "a946a42f1636045a16e65b2308e036d9da70089686c87c692e45912bd1cab772",
+            "a1db2dbac055364c1cb43cbeb49c7e2815bff855122602a2ad0fb981a91e0e39",
+            "16329b3ba4f0640f4d306532d9ea6ba0fbf0e70e44ed57d27b4277ed9cda6849",
+            "7b6523b2d9b23f72fec6234aa6a1f8fae3dba1c6a266023ea8b1826feba7a25c",
+            "5c0bea7e17bde5bee4eb795c2eec3d389a68da587b36dd687b134826ecc09308",
+        ];
+
+        // From https://github.com/zcash/zcash/blob/master/src/test/data/merkle_serialization_sapling.json
+        let tree_ser = [
+            "01b02310f2e087e55bfd07ef5e242e3b87ee5d00c9ab52f61e6bd42542f93a6f550000",
+            "01b02310f2e087e55bfd07ef5e242e3b87ee5d00c9ab52f61e6bd42542f93a6f5501225747f3b5d5dab4e5a424f81f85c904ff43286e0f3fd07ef0b8c6a627b1145800",
+            "017c3ea01a6e3a3d90cf59cd789e467044b5cd78eb2c84cc6816f960746d0e036c00010162324ff2c329e99193a74d28a585a3c167a93bf41a255135529c913bd9b1e666",
+            "017c3ea01a6e3a3d90cf59cd789e467044b5cd78eb2c84cc6816f960746d0e036c0150421d6c2c94571dfaaa135a4ff15bf916681ebd62c0e43e69e3b90684d0a030010162324ff2c329e99193a74d28a585a3c167a93bf41a255135529c913bd9b1e666",
+            "01aaec63863aaa0b2e3b8009429bdddd455e59be6f40ccab887a32eb98723efc12000200011fb189b02ad2f7c6b0d09bd5691c4896c28269da3d4ba768b1b446f655186564",
+            "01aaec63863aaa0b2e3b8009429bdddd455e59be6f40ccab887a32eb98723efc1201f76748d40d5ee5f9a608512e7954dd515f86e8f6d009141c89163de1cf351a020200011fb189b02ad2f7c6b0d09bd5691c4896c28269da3d4ba768b1b446f655186564",
+            "01bc8a5ec71647415c380203b681f7717366f3501661512225b6dc3e121efc0b2e000201eb97b35d826f55a65e23ea7febf38fadea8517312ca79346c129a277260fd724011fb189b02ad2f7c6b0d09bd5691c4896c28269da3d4ba768b1b446f655186564",
+            "01bc8a5ec71647415c380203b681f7717366f3501661512225b6dc3e121efc0b2e01da1adda2ccde9381e11151686c121e7f52d19a990439161c7eb5a9f94be5a5110201eb97b35d826f55a65e23ea7febf38fadea8517312ca79346c129a277260fd724011fb189b02ad2f7c6b0d09bd5691c4896c28269da3d4ba768b1b446f655186564",
+            "013a27fed5dbbc475d3880360e38638c882fd9b273b618fc433106896083f7744600030000010d6b42350c11df4fcc17987c13d8492ba4e8b3f31eb9baff9be5d8890cfa512d",
+            "013a27fed5dbbc475d3880360e38638c882fd9b273b618fc433106896083f7744601c7ca8f7df8fd997931d33985d935ee2d696856cc09cc516d419ea6365f163008030000010d6b42350c11df4fcc17987c13d8492ba4e8b3f31eb9baff9be5d8890cfa512d",
+            "01f0fa37e8063b139d342246142fc48e7c0c50d0a62c97768589e06466742c3702000301cca46d2249e0d79669b8ad2e8c3fc5e67a8501112aa4e572fe03a1868ef3173200010d6b42350c11df4fcc17987c13d8492ba4e8b3f31eb9baff9be5d8890cfa512d",
+            "01f0fa37e8063b139d342246142fc48e7c0c50d0a62c97768589e06466742c370201e6d4d7685894d01b32f7e081ab188930be6c2b9f76d6847b7f382e3dddd7c6080301cca46d2249e0d79669b8ad2e8c3fc5e67a8501112aa4e572fe03a1868ef3173200010d6b42350c11df4fcc17987c13d8492ba4e8b3f31eb9baff9be5d8890cfa512d",
+            "018cebb73be883466d18d3b0c06990520e80b936440a2c9fd184d92a1f06c4e82600030001002df68503da9247dfde6585cb8c9fa94897cf21735f8fc1b32116ef474de05c010d6b42350c11df4fcc17987c13d8492ba4e8b3f31eb9baff9be5d8890cfa512d",
+            "018cebb73be883466d18d3b0c06990520e80b936440a2c9fd184d92a1f06c4e8260122fab8bcdb88154dbf5877ad1e2d7f1b541bc8a5ec1b52266095381339c27c03030001002df68503da9247dfde6585cb8c9fa94897cf21735f8fc1b32116ef474de05c010d6b42350c11df4fcc17987c13d8492ba4e8b3f31eb9baff9be5d8890cfa512d",
+            "01f43e3aac61e5a753062d4d0508c26ceaf5e4c0c58ba3c956e104b5d2cf67c41c0003015991131c5c25911b35fcea2a8343e2dfd7a4d5b45493390e0cb184394d91c34901002df68503da9247dfde6585cb8c9fa94897cf21735f8fc1b32116ef474de05c010d6b42350c11df4fcc17987c13d8492ba4e8b3f31eb9baff9be5d8890cfa512d",
+            "01f43e3aac61e5a753062d4d0508c26ceaf5e4c0c58ba3c956e104b5d2cf67c41c013a3661bc12b72646c94bc6c92796e81953985ee62d80a9ec3645a9a95740ac1503015991131c5c25911b35fcea2a8343e2dfd7a4d5b45493390e0cb184394d91c34901002df68503da9247dfde6585cb8c9fa94897cf21735f8fc1b32116ef474de05c010d6b42350c11df4fcc17987c13d8492ba4e8b3f31eb9baff9be5d8890cfa512d",
+        ];
+
+        // From https://github.com/zcash/zcash/blob/master/src/test/data/merkle_path_sapling.json
+        let paths = [
+            "0420d8283386ef2ef07ebdbb4383c12a739a953a4d6e0d6fb1139a4036d693bfbb6c20ffe9fc03f18b176c998806439ff0bb8ad193afdb27b2ccbc88856916dd804e3420817de36ab2d57feb077634bca77819c8e0bd298c04f6fed0e6a83cc1356ca15520225747f3b5d5dab4e5a424f81f85c904ff43286e0f3fd07ef0b8c6a627b114580000000000000000",
+            "0420d8283386ef2ef07ebdbb4383c12a739a953a4d6e0d6fb1139a4036d693bfbb6c20ffe9fc03f18b176c998806439ff0bb8ad193afdb27b2ccbc88856916dd804e342037b3a0921a4047e617bde62b8958f86c010e6af6cc650959b9f50af8c7e8392620225747f3b5d5dab4e5a424f81f85c904ff43286e0f3fd07ef0b8c6a627b114580000000000000000",
+            "0420d8283386ef2ef07ebdbb4383c12a739a953a4d6e0d6fb1139a4036d693bfbb6c20ffe9fc03f18b176c998806439ff0bb8ad193afdb27b2ccbc88856916dd804e342037b3a0921a4047e617bde62b8958f86c010e6af6cc650959b9f50af8c7e8392620b02310f2e087e55bfd07ef5e242e3b87ee5d00c9ab52f61e6bd42542f93a6f550100000000000000",
+            "0420d8283386ef2ef07ebdbb4383c12a739a953a4d6e0d6fb1139a4036d693bfbb6c20ffe9fc03f18b176c998806439ff0bb8ad193afdb27b2ccbc88856916dd804e3420f2c6ff34520c4ed63159b5ad4e99712fe64e3b4add73c66218e9797ac15a826420225747f3b5d5dab4e5a424f81f85c904ff43286e0f3fd07ef0b8c6a627b114580000000000000000",
+            "0420d8283386ef2ef07ebdbb4383c12a739a953a4d6e0d6fb1139a4036d693bfbb6c20ffe9fc03f18b176c998806439ff0bb8ad193afdb27b2ccbc88856916dd804e3420f2c6ff34520c4ed63159b5ad4e99712fe64e3b4add73c66218e9797ac15a826420b02310f2e087e55bfd07ef5e242e3b87ee5d00c9ab52f61e6bd42542f93a6f550100000000000000",
+            "0420d8283386ef2ef07ebdbb4383c12a739a953a4d6e0d6fb1139a4036d693bfbb6c20ffe9fc03f18b176c998806439ff0bb8ad193afdb27b2ccbc88856916dd804e342062324ff2c329e99193a74d28a585a3c167a93bf41a255135529c913bd9b1e6662050421d6c2c94571dfaaa135a4ff15bf916681ebd62c0e43e69e3b90684d0a0300200000000000000",
+            "0420d8283386ef2ef07ebdbb4383c12a739a953a4d6e0d6fb1139a4036d693bfbb6c2031d39685384e4ea322594d99a15aa8bdd8cc5cd6724410fa385b8d5447f1740220f2c6ff34520c4ed63159b5ad4e99712fe64e3b4add73c66218e9797ac15a826420225747f3b5d5dab4e5a424f81f85c904ff43286e0f3fd07ef0b8c6a627b114580000000000000000",
+            "0420d8283386ef2ef07ebdbb4383c12a739a953a4d6e0d6fb1139a4036d693bfbb6c2031d39685384e4ea322594d99a15aa8bdd8cc5cd6724410fa385b8d5447f1740220f2c6ff34520c4ed63159b5ad4e99712fe64e3b4add73c66218e9797ac15a826420b02310f2e087e55bfd07ef5e242e3b87ee5d00c9ab52f61e6bd42542f93a6f550100000000000000",
+            "0420d8283386ef2ef07ebdbb4383c12a739a953a4d6e0d6fb1139a4036d693bfbb6c2031d39685384e4ea322594d99a15aa8bdd8cc5cd6724410fa385b8d5447f174022062324ff2c329e99193a74d28a585a3c167a93bf41a255135529c913bd9b1e6662050421d6c2c94571dfaaa135a4ff15bf916681ebd62c0e43e69e3b90684d0a0300200000000000000",
+            "0420d8283386ef2ef07ebdbb4383c12a739a953a4d6e0d6fb1139a4036d693bfbb6c2031d39685384e4ea322594d99a15aa8bdd8cc5cd6724410fa385b8d5447f174022062324ff2c329e99193a74d28a585a3c167a93bf41a255135529c913bd9b1e666207c3ea01a6e3a3d90cf59cd789e467044b5cd78eb2c84cc6816f960746d0e036c0300000000000000",
+            "0420d8283386ef2ef07ebdbb4383c12a739a953a4d6e0d6fb1139a4036d693bfbb6c20f0321eea8e13c2f3a567f894c9738759d9d01e64ec259caf2cecca61374c157320f2c6ff34520c4ed63159b5ad4e99712fe64e3b4add73c66218e9797ac15a826420225747f3b5d5dab4e5a424f81f85c904ff43286e0f3fd07ef0b8c6a627b114580000000000000000",
+            "0420d8283386ef2ef07ebdbb4383c12a739a953a4d6e0d6fb1139a4036d693bfbb6c20f0321eea8e13c2f3a567f894c9738759d9d01e64ec259caf2cecca61374c157320f2c6ff34520c4ed63159b5ad4e99712fe64e3b4add73c66218e9797ac15a826420b02310f2e087e55bfd07ef5e242e3b87ee5d00c9ab52f61e6bd42542f93a6f550100000000000000",
+            "0420d8283386ef2ef07ebdbb4383c12a739a953a4d6e0d6fb1139a4036d693bfbb6c20f0321eea8e13c2f3a567f894c9738759d9d01e64ec259caf2cecca61374c15732062324ff2c329e99193a74d28a585a3c167a93bf41a255135529c913bd9b1e6662050421d6c2c94571dfaaa135a4ff15bf916681ebd62c0e43e69e3b90684d0a0300200000000000000",
+            "0420d8283386ef2ef07ebdbb4383c12a739a953a4d6e0d6fb1139a4036d693bfbb6c20f0321eea8e13c2f3a567f894c9738759d9d01e64ec259caf2cecca61374c15732062324ff2c329e99193a74d28a585a3c167a93bf41a255135529c913bd9b1e666207c3ea01a6e3a3d90cf59cd789e467044b5cd78eb2c84cc6816f960746d0e036c0300000000000000",
+            "0420d8283386ef2ef07ebdbb4383c12a739a953a4d6e0d6fb1139a4036d693bfbb6c201fb189b02ad2f7c6b0d09bd5691c4896c28269da3d4ba768b1b446f65518656420817de36ab2d57feb077634bca77819c8e0bd298c04f6fed0e6a83cc1356ca15520f76748d40d5ee5f9a608512e7954dd515f86e8f6d009141c89163de1cf351a020400000000000000",
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+            "04201d73ff8e39cff60ff0d6402cc752a3351f1b434dccfa1941da3b1e422b73a33c201fb189b02ad2f7c6b0d09bd5691c4896c28269da3d4ba768b1b446f65518656420eb97b35d826f55a65e23ea7febf38fadea8517312ca79346c129a277260fd72420da1adda2ccde9381e11151686c121e7f52d19a990439161c7eb5a9f94be5a5110600000000000000",
+            "04201d73ff8e39cff60ff0d6402cc752a3351f1b434dccfa1941da3b1e422b73a33c201fb189b02ad2f7c6b0d09bd5691c4896c28269da3d4ba768b1b446f65518656420eb97b35d826f55a65e23ea7febf38fadea8517312ca79346c129a277260fd72420bc8a5ec71647415c380203b681f7717366f3501661512225b6dc3e121efc0b2e0700000000000000",
+            "04200d6b42350c11df4fcc17987c13d8492ba4e8b3f31eb9baff9be5d8890cfa512d20076795f3651049c8895a7d127eb9bb4a17698da400430b33fdd06b1d8160394020635c0b1b8035705127dc3f672191b4958ad331f9134117e3ba7d721f712b614420c7ca8f7df8fd997931d33985d935ee2d696856cc09cc516d419ea6365f1630080800000000000000",
+            "04200d6b42350c11df4fcc17987c13d8492ba4e8b3f31eb9baff9be5d8890cfa512d20076795f3651049c8895a7d127eb9bb4a17698da400430b33fdd06b1d8160394020635c0b1b8035705127dc3f672191b4958ad331f9134117e3ba7d721f712b6144203a27fed5dbbc475d3880360e38638c882fd9b273b618fc433106896083f774460900000000000000",
+            "04200d6b42350c11df4fcc17987c13d8492ba4e8b3f31eb9baff9be5d8890cfa512d20076795f3651049c8895a7d127eb9bb4a17698da400430b33fdd06b1d8160394020cca46d2249e0d79669b8ad2e8c3fc5e67a8501112aa4e572fe03a1868ef3173220e6d4d7685894d01b32f7e081ab188930be6c2b9f76d6847b7f382e3dddd7c6080a00000000000000",
+            "04200d6b42350c11df4fcc17987c13d8492ba4e8b3f31eb9baff9be5d8890cfa512d20076795f3651049c8895a7d127eb9bb4a17698da400430b33fdd06b1d8160394020cca46d2249e0d79669b8ad2e8c3fc5e67a8501112aa4e572fe03a1868ef3173220f0fa37e8063b139d342246142fc48e7c0c50d0a62c97768589e06466742c37020b00000000000000",
+            "04200d6b42350c11df4fcc17987c13d8492ba4e8b3f31eb9baff9be5d8890cfa512d20002df68503da9247dfde6585cb8c9fa94897cf21735f8fc1b32116ef474de05c20afa80a9a1bb8b6aad144cfb53e0bab004dd541c8b72025ae694bb60d6050a5322022fab8bcdb88154dbf5877ad1e2d7f1b541bc8a5ec1b52266095381339c27c030c00000000000000",
+            "04200d6b42350c11df4fcc17987c13d8492ba4e8b3f31eb9baff9be5d8890cfa512d20002df68503da9247dfde6585cb8c9fa94897cf21735f8fc1b32116ef474de05c20afa80a9a1bb8b6aad144cfb53e0bab004dd541c8b72025ae694bb60d6050a532208cebb73be883466d18d3b0c06990520e80b936440a2c9fd184d92a1f06c4e8260d00000000000000",
+            "04200d6b42350c11df4fcc17987c13d8492ba4e8b3f31eb9baff9be5d8890cfa512d20002df68503da9247dfde6585cb8c9fa94897cf21735f8fc1b32116ef474de05c205991131c5c25911b35fcea2a8343e2dfd7a4d5b45493390e0cb184394d91c349203a3661bc12b72646c94bc6c92796e81953985ee62d80a9ec3645a9a95740ac150e00000000000000",
+        ];
+
+        // From https://github.com/zcash/zcash/blob/master/src/test/data/merkle_witness_serialization_sapling.json
+        let witness_ser = [
+            "00000001b02310f2e087e55bfd07ef5e242e3b87ee5d00c9ab52f61e6bd42542f93a6f5500",
+            "00000002b02310f2e087e55bfd07ef5e242e3b87ee5d00c9ab52f61e6bd42542f93a6f55225747f3b5d5dab4e5a424f81f85c904ff43286e0f3fd07ef0b8c6a627b1145800",
+            "01b02310f2e087e55bfd07ef5e242e3b87ee5d00c9ab52f61e6bd42542f93a6f55000001225747f3b5d5dab4e5a424f81f85c904ff43286e0f3fd07ef0b8c6a627b1145800",
+            "00000002b02310f2e087e55bfd07ef5e242e3b87ee5d00c9ab52f61e6bd42542f93a6f55225747f3b5d5dab4e5a424f81f85c904ff43286e0f3fd07ef0b8c6a627b1145801017c3ea01a6e3a3d90cf59cd789e467044b5cd78eb2c84cc6816f960746d0e036c0000",
+            "01b02310f2e087e55bfd07ef5e242e3b87ee5d00c9ab52f61e6bd42542f93a6f55000001225747f3b5d5dab4e5a424f81f85c904ff43286e0f3fd07ef0b8c6a627b1145801017c3ea01a6e3a3d90cf59cd789e467044b5cd78eb2c84cc6816f960746d0e036c0000",
+            "01b02310f2e087e55bfd07ef5e242e3b87ee5d00c9ab52f61e6bd42542f93a6f5501225747f3b5d5dab4e5a424f81f85c904ff43286e0f3fd07ef0b8c6a627b11458000001017c3ea01a6e3a3d90cf59cd789e467044b5cd78eb2c84cc6816f960746d0e036c0000",
+            "00000003b02310f2e087e55bfd07ef5e242e3b87ee5d00c9ab52f61e6bd42542f93a6f55225747f3b5d5dab4e5a424f81f85c904ff43286e0f3fd07ef0b8c6a627b11458f2c6ff34520c4ed63159b5ad4e99712fe64e3b4add73c66218e9797ac15a826400",
+            "01b02310f2e087e55bfd07ef5e242e3b87ee5d00c9ab52f61e6bd42542f93a6f55000002225747f3b5d5dab4e5a424f81f85c904ff43286e0f3fd07ef0b8c6a627b11458f2c6ff34520c4ed63159b5ad4e99712fe64e3b4add73c66218e9797ac15a826400",
+            "01b02310f2e087e55bfd07ef5e242e3b87ee5d00c9ab52f61e6bd42542f93a6f5501225747f3b5d5dab4e5a424f81f85c904ff43286e0f3fd07ef0b8c6a627b114580001f2c6ff34520c4ed63159b5ad4e99712fe64e3b4add73c66218e9797ac15a826400",
+            "017c3ea01a6e3a3d90cf59cd789e467044b5cd78eb2c84cc6816f960746d0e036c00010162324ff2c329e99193a74d28a585a3c167a93bf41a255135529c913bd9b1e6660150421d6c2c94571dfaaa135a4ff15bf916681ebd62c0e43e69e3b90684d0a03000",
+            "00000003b02310f2e087e55bfd07ef5e242e3b87ee5d00c9ab52f61e6bd42542f93a6f55225747f3b5d5dab4e5a424f81f85c904ff43286e0f3fd07ef0b8c6a627b11458f2c6ff34520c4ed63159b5ad4e99712fe64e3b4add73c66218e9797ac15a82640101aaec63863aaa0b2e3b8009429bdddd455e59be6f40ccab887a32eb98723efc120000",
+            "01b02310f2e087e55bfd07ef5e242e3b87ee5d00c9ab52f61e6bd42542f93a6f55000002225747f3b5d5dab4e5a424f81f85c904ff43286e0f3fd07ef0b8c6a627b11458f2c6ff34520c4ed63159b5ad4e99712fe64e3b4add73c66218e9797ac15a82640101aaec63863aaa0b2e3b8009429bdddd455e59be6f40ccab887a32eb98723efc120000",
+            "01b02310f2e087e55bfd07ef5e242e3b87ee5d00c9ab52f61e6bd42542f93a6f5501225747f3b5d5dab4e5a424f81f85c904ff43286e0f3fd07ef0b8c6a627b114580001f2c6ff34520c4ed63159b5ad4e99712fe64e3b4add73c66218e9797ac15a82640101aaec63863aaa0b2e3b8009429bdddd455e59be6f40ccab887a32eb98723efc120000",
+            "017c3ea01a6e3a3d90cf59cd789e467044b5cd78eb2c84cc6816f960746d0e036c00010162324ff2c329e99193a74d28a585a3c167a93bf41a255135529c913bd9b1e6660150421d6c2c94571dfaaa135a4ff15bf916681ebd62c0e43e69e3b90684d0a0300101aaec63863aaa0b2e3b8009429bdddd455e59be6f40ccab887a32eb98723efc120000",
+            "017c3ea01a6e3a3d90cf59cd789e467044b5cd78eb2c84cc6816f960746d0e036c0150421d6c2c94571dfaaa135a4ff15bf916681ebd62c0e43e69e3b90684d0a030010162324ff2c329e99193a74d28a585a3c167a93bf41a255135529c913bd9b1e666000101aaec63863aaa0b2e3b8009429bdddd455e59be6f40ccab887a32eb98723efc120000",
+            "00000003b02310f2e087e55bfd07ef5e242e3b87ee5d00c9ab52f61e6bd42542f93a6f55225747f3b5d5dab4e5a424f81f85c904ff43286e0f3fd07ef0b8c6a627b11458f2c6ff34520c4ed63159b5ad4e99712fe64e3b4add73c66218e9797ac15a82640101aaec63863aaa0b2e3b8009429bdddd455e59be6f40ccab887a32eb98723efc1201f76748d40d5ee5f9a608512e7954dd515f86e8f6d009141c89163de1cf351a0200",
+            "01b02310f2e087e55bfd07ef5e242e3b87ee5d00c9ab52f61e6bd42542f93a6f55000002225747f3b5d5dab4e5a424f81f85c904ff43286e0f3fd07ef0b8c6a627b11458f2c6ff34520c4ed63159b5ad4e99712fe64e3b4add73c66218e9797ac15a82640101aaec63863aaa0b2e3b8009429bdddd455e59be6f40ccab887a32eb98723efc1201f76748d40d5ee5f9a608512e7954dd515f86e8f6d009141c89163de1cf351a0200",
+            "01b02310f2e087e55bfd07ef5e242e3b87ee5d00c9ab52f61e6bd42542f93a6f5501225747f3b5d5dab4e5a424f81f85c904ff43286e0f3fd07ef0b8c6a627b114580001f2c6ff34520c4ed63159b5ad4e99712fe64e3b4add73c66218e9797ac15a82640101aaec63863aaa0b2e3b8009429bdddd455e59be6f40ccab887a32eb98723efc1201f76748d40d5ee5f9a608512e7954dd515f86e8f6d009141c89163de1cf351a0200",
+            "017c3ea01a6e3a3d90cf59cd789e467044b5cd78eb2c84cc6816f960746d0e036c00010162324ff2c329e99193a74d28a585a3c167a93bf41a255135529c913bd9b1e6660150421d6c2c94571dfaaa135a4ff15bf916681ebd62c0e43e69e3b90684d0a0300101aaec63863aaa0b2e3b8009429bdddd455e59be6f40ccab887a32eb98723efc1201f76748d40d5ee5f9a608512e7954dd515f86e8f6d009141c89163de1cf351a0200",
+            "017c3ea01a6e3a3d90cf59cd789e467044b5cd78eb2c84cc6816f960746d0e036c0150421d6c2c94571dfaaa135a4ff15bf916681ebd62c0e43e69e3b90684d0a030010162324ff2c329e99193a74d28a585a3c167a93bf41a255135529c913bd9b1e666000101aaec63863aaa0b2e3b8009429bdddd455e59be6f40ccab887a32eb98723efc1201f76748d40d5ee5f9a608512e7954dd515f86e8f6d009141c89163de1cf351a0200",
+            "01aaec63863aaa0b2e3b8009429bdddd455e59be6f40ccab887a32eb98723efc12000200011fb189b02ad2f7c6b0d09bd5691c4896c28269da3d4ba768b1b446f65518656401f76748d40d5ee5f9a608512e7954dd515f86e8f6d009141c89163de1cf351a0200",
+            "00000003b02310f2e087e55bfd07ef5e242e3b87ee5d00c9ab52f61e6bd42542f93a6f55225747f3b5d5dab4e5a424f81f85c904ff43286e0f3fd07ef0b8c6a627b11458f2c6ff34520c4ed63159b5ad4e99712fe64e3b4add73c66218e9797ac15a82640101bc8a5ec71647415c380203b681f7717366f3501661512225b6dc3e121efc0b2e000101eb97b35d826f55a65e23ea7febf38fadea8517312ca79346c129a277260fd724",
+            "01b02310f2e087e55bfd07ef5e242e3b87ee5d00c9ab52f61e6bd42542f93a6f55000002225747f3b5d5dab4e5a424f81f85c904ff43286e0f3fd07ef0b8c6a627b11458f2c6ff34520c4ed63159b5ad4e99712fe64e3b4add73c66218e9797ac15a82640101bc8a5ec71647415c380203b681f7717366f3501661512225b6dc3e121efc0b2e000101eb97b35d826f55a65e23ea7febf38fadea8517312ca79346c129a277260fd724",
+            "01b02310f2e087e55bfd07ef5e242e3b87ee5d00c9ab52f61e6bd42542f93a6f5501225747f3b5d5dab4e5a424f81f85c904ff43286e0f3fd07ef0b8c6a627b114580001f2c6ff34520c4ed63159b5ad4e99712fe64e3b4add73c66218e9797ac15a82640101bc8a5ec71647415c380203b681f7717366f3501661512225b6dc3e121efc0b2e000101eb97b35d826f55a65e23ea7febf38fadea8517312ca79346c129a277260fd724",
+            "017c3ea01a6e3a3d90cf59cd789e467044b5cd78eb2c84cc6816f960746d0e036c00010162324ff2c329e99193a74d28a585a3c167a93bf41a255135529c913bd9b1e6660150421d6c2c94571dfaaa135a4ff15bf916681ebd62c0e43e69e3b90684d0a0300101bc8a5ec71647415c380203b681f7717366f3501661512225b6dc3e121efc0b2e000101eb97b35d826f55a65e23ea7febf38fadea8517312ca79346c129a277260fd724",
+            "017c3ea01a6e3a3d90cf59cd789e467044b5cd78eb2c84cc6816f960746d0e036c0150421d6c2c94571dfaaa135a4ff15bf916681ebd62c0e43e69e3b90684d0a030010162324ff2c329e99193a74d28a585a3c167a93bf41a255135529c913bd9b1e666000101bc8a5ec71647415c380203b681f7717366f3501661512225b6dc3e121efc0b2e000101eb97b35d826f55a65e23ea7febf38fadea8517312ca79346c129a277260fd724",
+            "01aaec63863aaa0b2e3b8009429bdddd455e59be6f40ccab887a32eb98723efc12000200011fb189b02ad2f7c6b0d09bd5691c4896c28269da3d4ba768b1b446f65518656401f76748d40d5ee5f9a608512e7954dd515f86e8f6d009141c89163de1cf351a020101bc8a5ec71647415c380203b681f7717366f3501661512225b6dc3e121efc0b2e0000",
+            "01aaec63863aaa0b2e3b8009429bdddd455e59be6f40ccab887a32eb98723efc1201f76748d40d5ee5f9a608512e7954dd515f86e8f6d009141c89163de1cf351a020200011fb189b02ad2f7c6b0d09bd5691c4896c28269da3d4ba768b1b446f655186564000101bc8a5ec71647415c380203b681f7717366f3501661512225b6dc3e121efc0b2e0000",
+            "00000004b02310f2e087e55bfd07ef5e242e3b87ee5d00c9ab52f61e6bd42542f93a6f55225747f3b5d5dab4e5a424f81f85c904ff43286e0f3fd07ef0b8c6a627b11458f2c6ff34520c4ed63159b5ad4e99712fe64e3b4add73c66218e9797ac15a8264130adab3afe0931c42f058efb1381c2dce6cc768ad7964330146bf88b2b34f2400",
+            "01b02310f2e087e55bfd07ef5e242e3b87ee5d00c9ab52f61e6bd42542f93a6f55000003225747f3b5d5dab4e5a424f81f85c904ff43286e0f3fd07ef0b8c6a627b11458f2c6ff34520c4ed63159b5ad4e99712fe64e3b4add73c66218e9797ac15a8264130adab3afe0931c42f058efb1381c2dce6cc768ad7964330146bf88b2b34f2400",
+            "01b02310f2e087e55bfd07ef5e242e3b87ee5d00c9ab52f61e6bd42542f93a6f5501225747f3b5d5dab4e5a424f81f85c904ff43286e0f3fd07ef0b8c6a627b114580002f2c6ff34520c4ed63159b5ad4e99712fe64e3b4add73c66218e9797ac15a8264130adab3afe0931c42f058efb1381c2dce6cc768ad7964330146bf88b2b34f2400",
+            "017c3ea01a6e3a3d90cf59cd789e467044b5cd78eb2c84cc6816f960746d0e036c00010162324ff2c329e99193a74d28a585a3c167a93bf41a255135529c913bd9b1e6660250421d6c2c94571dfaaa135a4ff15bf916681ebd62c0e43e69e3b90684d0a030130adab3afe0931c42f058efb1381c2dce6cc768ad7964330146bf88b2b34f2400",
+            "017c3ea01a6e3a3d90cf59cd789e467044b5cd78eb2c84cc6816f960746d0e036c0150421d6c2c94571dfaaa135a4ff15bf916681ebd62c0e43e69e3b90684d0a030010162324ff2c329e99193a74d28a585a3c167a93bf41a255135529c913bd9b1e66601130adab3afe0931c42f058efb1381c2dce6cc768ad7964330146bf88b2b34f2400",
+            "01aaec63863aaa0b2e3b8009429bdddd455e59be6f40ccab887a32eb98723efc12000200011fb189b02ad2f7c6b0d09bd5691c4896c28269da3d4ba768b1b446f65518656402f76748d40d5ee5f9a608512e7954dd515f86e8f6d009141c89163de1cf351a02d0c26e22b78df58552b4fd61e8883a70f9011556b2e14b80ff23c591db7dbc4c00",
+            "01aaec63863aaa0b2e3b8009429bdddd455e59be6f40ccab887a32eb98723efc1201f76748d40d5ee5f9a608512e7954dd515f86e8f6d009141c89163de1cf351a020200011fb189b02ad2f7c6b0d09bd5691c4896c28269da3d4ba768b1b446f65518656401d0c26e22b78df58552b4fd61e8883a70f9011556b2e14b80ff23c591db7dbc4c00",
+            "01bc8a5ec71647415c380203b681f7717366f3501661512225b6dc3e121efc0b2e000201eb97b35d826f55a65e23ea7febf38fadea8517312ca79346c129a277260fd724011fb189b02ad2f7c6b0d09bd5691c4896c28269da3d4ba768b1b446f65518656401da1adda2ccde9381e11151686c121e7f52d19a990439161c7eb5a9f94be5a51100",
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+            "01f0fa37e8063b139d342246142fc48e7c0c50d0a62c97768589e06466742c3702000301cca46d2249e0d79669b8ad2e8c3fc5e67a8501112aa4e572fe03a1868ef3173200010d6b42350c11df4fcc17987c13d8492ba4e8b3f31eb9baff9be5d8890cfa512d02e6d4d7685894d01b32f7e081ab188930be6c2b9f76d6847b7f382e3dddd7c608076795f3651049c8895a7d127eb9bb4a17698da400430b33fdd06b1d8160394000",
+            "01f0fa37e8063b139d342246142fc48e7c0c50d0a62c97768589e06466742c370201e6d4d7685894d01b32f7e081ab188930be6c2b9f76d6847b7f382e3dddd7c6080301cca46d2249e0d79669b8ad2e8c3fc5e67a8501112aa4e572fe03a1868ef3173200010d6b42350c11df4fcc17987c13d8492ba4e8b3f31eb9baff9be5d8890cfa512d01076795f3651049c8895a7d127eb9bb4a17698da400430b33fdd06b1d8160394000",
+            "018cebb73be883466d18d3b0c06990520e80b936440a2c9fd184d92a1f06c4e82600030001002df68503da9247dfde6585cb8c9fa94897cf21735f8fc1b32116ef474de05c010d6b42350c11df4fcc17987c13d8492ba4e8b3f31eb9baff9be5d8890cfa512d0222fab8bcdb88154dbf5877ad1e2d7f1b541bc8a5ec1b52266095381339c27c03afa80a9a1bb8b6aad144cfb53e0bab004dd541c8b72025ae694bb60d6050a53200",
+            "018cebb73be883466d18d3b0c06990520e80b936440a2c9fd184d92a1f06c4e8260122fab8bcdb88154dbf5877ad1e2d7f1b541bc8a5ec1b52266095381339c27c03030001002df68503da9247dfde6585cb8c9fa94897cf21735f8fc1b32116ef474de05c010d6b42350c11df4fcc17987c13d8492ba4e8b3f31eb9baff9be5d8890cfa512d01afa80a9a1bb8b6aad144cfb53e0bab004dd541c8b72025ae694bb60d6050a53200",
+            "01f43e3aac61e5a753062d4d0508c26ceaf5e4c0c58ba3c956e104b5d2cf67c41c0003015991131c5c25911b35fcea2a8343e2dfd7a4d5b45493390e0cb184394d91c34901002df68503da9247dfde6585cb8c9fa94897cf21735f8fc1b32116ef474de05c010d6b42350c11df4fcc17987c13d8492ba4e8b3f31eb9baff9be5d8890cfa512d013a3661bc12b72646c94bc6c92796e81953985ee62d80a9ec3645a9a95740ac1500",
+        ];
+
+        fn assert_root_eq(root: Node, expected: &str) {
+            let mut tmp = [0u8; 32];
+            root.write(&mut tmp[..]).expect("length is 32 bytes");
+            assert_eq!(hex::encode(tmp), expected);
+        }
+
+        fn assert_tree_ser_eq(tree: &TestCommitmentTree, expected: &str) {
+            // Check that the tree matches its encoding
+            let mut tmp = Vec::new();
+            tree.write(&mut tmp).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(hex::encode(&tmp[..]), expected);
+
+            // Check round-trip encoding
+            let decoded = TestCommitmentTree::read(&hex::decode(expected).unwrap()[..]).unwrap();
+            tmp.clear();
+            decoded.write(&mut tmp).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(hex::encode(tmp), expected);
+        }
+
+        fn assert_witness_ser_eq(witness: &TestIncrementalWitness, expected: &str) {
+            // Check that the witness matches its encoding
+            let mut tmp = Vec::new();
+            witness.write(&mut tmp).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(hex::encode(&tmp[..]), expected);
+
+            // Check round-trip encoding
+            let decoded =
+                TestIncrementalWitness::read(&hex::decode(expected).unwrap()[..]).unwrap();
+            tmp.clear();
+            decoded.write(&mut tmp).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(hex::encode(tmp), expected);
+        }
+
+        let mut tree = TestCommitmentTree::new();
+        assert_eq!(tree.size(), 0);
+
+        let mut witnesses = vec![];
+        let mut paths_i = 0;
+        let mut witness_ser_i = 0;
+        for i in 0..16 {
+            let mut cm = FrRepr::default();
+            cm.read_le(&hex::decode(commitments[i]).unwrap()[..])
+                .expect("length is 32 bytes");
+
+            let cm = Node::new(cm);
+
+            // Witness here
+            witnesses.push(TestIncrementalWitness::from_tree(&tree));
+
+            // Now append a commitment to the tree
+            assert!(tree.append(cm).is_ok());
+
+            // Size incremented by one.
+            assert_eq!(tree.size(), i + 1);
+
+            // Check tree root consistency
+            assert_root_eq(tree.root(), roots[i]);
+
+            // Check serialization of tree
+            assert_tree_ser_eq(&tree, tree_ser[i]);
+
+            let mut first = true; // The first witness can never form a path
+            for witness in witnesses.as_mut_slice() {
+                // Append the same commitment to all the witnesses
+                assert!(witness.append(cm).is_ok());
+
+                if first {
+                    assert!(witness.path().is_none());
+                } else {
+                    let path = witness.path().expect("should be able to create a path");
+                    let expected = CommitmentTreeWitness::from_slice_with_depth(
+                        &mut hex::decode(paths[paths_i]).unwrap(),
+                        TESTING_DEPTH,
+                    )
+                    .unwrap();
+                    assert_eq!(path, expected);
+                    paths_i += 1;
+                }
+
+                // Check witness serialization
+                assert_witness_ser_eq(witness, witness_ser[witness_ser_i]);
+                witness_ser_i += 1;
+
+                assert_eq!(witness.root(), tree.root());
+
+                first = false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Tree should be full now
+        let node = Node::blank();
+        assert!(tree.append(node).is_err());
+        for witness in witnesses.as_mut_slice() {
+            assert!(witness.append(node).is_err());
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/zcash_primitives/src/sapling.rs b/zcash_primitives/src/sapling.rs
index b59dc2b6..0ee808c5 100644
--- a/zcash_primitives/src/sapling.rs
+++ b/zcash_primitives/src/sapling.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,109 @@
-use pairing::bls12_381::Bls12;
+//! Structs and constants specific to the Sapling shielded pool.
+
+use ff::{BitIterator, PrimeField, PrimeFieldRepr};
+use pairing::bls12_381::{Bls12, Fr, FrRepr};
 use rand::OsRng;
 use sapling_crypto::{
     jubjub::{fs::Fs, FixedGenerators, JubjubBls12},
+    pedersen_hash::{pedersen_hash, Personalization},
+    primitives::Note,
     redjubjub::{PrivateKey, PublicKey, Signature},
 };
+use std::io::{self, Read, Write};
+
+use crate::merkle_tree::Hashable;
+use JUBJUB;
+
+pub(crate) const SAPLING_COMMITMENT_TREE_DEPTH: usize =
+    sapling_crypto::circuit::sapling::TREE_DEPTH;
+
+/// Compute a parent node in the Sapling commitment tree given its two children.
+pub fn merkle_hash(depth: usize, lhs: &FrRepr, rhs: &FrRepr) -> FrRepr {
+    let lhs = {
+        let mut tmp = [false; 256];
+        for (a, b) in tmp.iter_mut().rev().zip(BitIterator::new(lhs)) {
+            *a = b;
+        }
+        tmp
+    };
+
+    let rhs = {
+        let mut tmp = [false; 256];
+        for (a, b) in tmp.iter_mut().rev().zip(BitIterator::new(rhs)) {
+            *a = b;
+        }
+        tmp
+    };
+
+    pedersen_hash::<Bls12, _>(
+        Personalization::MerkleTree(depth),
+        lhs.iter()
+            .map(|&x| x)
+            .take(Fr::NUM_BITS as usize)
+            .chain(rhs.iter().map(|&x| x).take(Fr::NUM_BITS as usize)),
+        &JUBJUB,
+    )
+    .into_xy()
+    .0
+    .into_repr()
+}
+
+/// A node within the Sapling commitment tree.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Node {
+    repr: FrRepr,
+}
+
+impl Node {
+    pub fn new(repr: FrRepr) -> Self {
+        Node { repr }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Hashable for Node {
+    fn read<R: Read>(mut reader: R) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        let mut repr = FrRepr::default();
+        repr.read_le(&mut reader)?;
+        Ok(Node::new(repr))
+    }
+
+    fn write<W: Write>(&self, mut writer: W) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self.repr.write_le(&mut writer)
+    }
+
+    fn combine(depth: usize, lhs: &Self, rhs: &Self) -> Self {
+        Node {
+            repr: merkle_hash(depth, &lhs.repr, &rhs.repr),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn blank() -> Self {
+        Node {
+            repr: Note::<Bls12>::uncommitted().into_repr(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn empty_root(depth: usize) -> Self {
+        EMPTY_ROOTS[depth]
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Node> for Fr {
+    fn from(node: Node) -> Self {
+        Fr::from_repr(node.repr).expect("Tree nodes should be in the prime field")
+    }
+}
+
+lazy_static! {
+    static ref EMPTY_ROOTS: Vec<Node> = {
+        let mut v = vec![Node::blank()];
+        for d in 0..SAPLING_COMMITMENT_TREE_DEPTH {
+            let next = Node::combine(d, &v[d], &v[d]);
+            v.push(next);
+        }
+        v
+    };
+}
 
 /// Create the spendAuthSig for a Sapling SpendDescription.
 pub fn spend_sig(
diff --git a/zcash_primitives/src/serialize.rs b/zcash_primitives/src/serialize.rs
index f1429438..41778dca 100644
--- a/zcash_primitives/src/serialize.rs
+++ b/zcash_primitives/src/serialize.rs
@@ -82,6 +82,37 @@ impl Vector {
     }
 }
 
+pub struct Optional;
+
+impl Optional {
+    pub fn read<R: Read, T, F>(mut reader: R, func: F) -> io::Result<Option<T>>
+    where
+        F: Fn(&mut R) -> io::Result<T>,
+    {
+        match reader.read_u8()? {
+            0 => Ok(None),
+            1 => Ok(Some(func(&mut reader)?)),
+            _ => Err(io::Error::new(
+                io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
+                "non-canonical Option<T>",
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn write<W: Write, T, F>(mut writer: W, val: &Option<T>, func: F) -> io::Result<()>
+    where
+        F: Fn(&mut W, &T) -> io::Result<()>,
+    {
+        match val {
+            None => writer.write_u8(0),
+            Some(e) => {
+                writer.write_u8(1)?;
+                func(&mut writer, e)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -153,4 +184,47 @@ mod tests {
             eval!(vec![7; 260], expected);
         }
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn optional() {
+        macro_rules! eval {
+            ($value:expr, $expected:expr, $write:expr, $read:expr) => {
+                let mut data = vec![];
+                Optional::write(&mut data, &$value, $write).unwrap();
+                assert_eq!(&data[..], &$expected[..]);
+                match Optional::read(&data[..], $read) {
+                    Ok(v) => assert_eq!(v, $value),
+                    Err(e) => panic!("Unexpected error: {:?}", e),
+                }
+            };
+        }
+
+        macro_rules! eval_u8 {
+            ($value:expr, $expected:expr) => {
+                eval!($value, $expected, |w, e| w.write_u8(*e), |r| r.read_u8())
+            };
+        }
+
+        macro_rules! eval_vec {
+            ($value:expr, $expected:expr) => {
+                eval!(
+                    $value,
+                    $expected,
+                    |w, v| Vector::write(w, v, |w, e| w.write_u8(*e)),
+                    |r| Vector::read(r, |r| r.read_u8())
+                )
+            };
+        }
+
+        eval_u8!(None, [0]);
+        eval_u8!(Some(0), [1, 0]);
+        eval_u8!(Some(1), [1, 1]);
+        eval_u8!(Some(5), [1, 5]);
+
+        eval_vec!(None as Option<Vec<_>>, [0]);
+        eval_vec!(Some(vec![]), [1, 0]);
+        eval_vec!(Some(vec![0]), [1, 1, 0]);
+        eval_vec!(Some(vec![1]), [1, 1, 1]);
+        eval_vec!(Some(vec![5; 8]), [1, 8, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5]);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/zcash_proofs/Cargo.toml b/zcash_proofs/Cargo.toml
index 2139749a..34bd520a 100644
--- a/zcash_proofs/Cargo.toml
+++ b/zcash_proofs/Cargo.toml
@@ -13,3 +13,4 @@ ff = { path = "../ff" }
 pairing = { path = "../pairing" }
 rand = "0.4"
 sapling-crypto = { path = "../sapling-crypto" }
+zcash_primitives = { path = "../zcash_primitives" }
diff --git a/zcash_proofs/src/lib.rs b/zcash_proofs/src/lib.rs
index d0618182..25434f40 100644
--- a/zcash_proofs/src/lib.rs
+++ b/zcash_proofs/src/lib.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ extern crate ff;
 extern crate pairing;
 extern crate rand;
 extern crate sapling_crypto;
+extern crate zcash_primitives;
 
 use bellman::groth16::{prepare_verifying_key, Parameters, PreparedVerifyingKey, VerifyingKey};
 use pairing::bls12_381::Bls12;
diff --git a/zcash_proofs/src/sapling/mod.rs b/zcash_proofs/src/sapling/mod.rs
index 2cfb2e94..4c373060 100644
--- a/zcash_proofs/src/sapling/mod.rs
+++ b/zcash_proofs/src/sapling/mod.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use sapling_crypto::jubjub::{
 mod prover;
 mod verifier;
 
-pub use self::prover::{CommitmentTreeWitness, SaplingProvingContext};
+pub use self::prover::SaplingProvingContext;
 pub use self::verifier::SaplingVerificationContext;
 
 // This function computes `value` in the exponent of the value commitment base
diff --git a/zcash_proofs/src/sapling/prover.rs b/zcash_proofs/src/sapling/prover.rs
index 3a3511c4..4d630334 100644
--- a/zcash_proofs/src/sapling/prover.rs
+++ b/zcash_proofs/src/sapling/prover.rs
@@ -1,92 +1,22 @@
 use bellman::groth16::{
     create_random_proof, verify_proof, Parameters, PreparedVerifyingKey, Proof,
 };
-use byteorder::{LittleEndian, ReadBytesExt};
-use ff::{Field, PrimeField, PrimeFieldRepr};
-use pairing::bls12_381::{Bls12, Fr, FrRepr};
+use ff::Field;
+use pairing::bls12_381::{Bls12, Fr};
 use rand::{OsRng, Rand};
 use sapling_crypto::{
     circuit::{
         multipack,
-        sapling::{Output, Spend, TREE_DEPTH},
+        sapling::{Output, Spend},
     },
     jubjub::{edwards, fs::Fs, FixedGenerators, JubjubBls12, Unknown},
     primitives::{Diversifier, Note, PaymentAddress, ProofGenerationKey, ValueCommitment},
     redjubjub::{PrivateKey, PublicKey, Signature},
 };
+use zcash_primitives::{merkle_tree::CommitmentTreeWitness, sapling::Node};
 
 use super::compute_value_balance;
 
-/// A witness to a path from a postion in a particular Sapling commitment tree
-/// to the root of that tree.
-pub struct CommitmentTreeWitness {
-    auth_path: Vec<Option<(Fr, bool)>>,
-    position: u64,
-}
-
-impl CommitmentTreeWitness {
-    pub fn from_slice(mut witness: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, ()> {
-        // Skip the first byte, which should be "32" to signify the length of
-        // the following vector of Pedersen hashes.
-        assert_eq!(witness[0], TREE_DEPTH as u8);
-        witness = &witness[1..];
-
-        // Begin to construct the authentication path
-        let mut auth_path = vec![None; TREE_DEPTH];
-
-        // The vector works in reverse
-        for i in (0..TREE_DEPTH).rev() {
-            // skip length of inner vector
-            assert_eq!(witness[0], 32); // the length of a pedersen hash
-            witness = &witness[1..];
-
-            // Grab the sibling node at this depth in the tree
-            let mut sibling = [0u8; 32];
-            sibling.copy_from_slice(&witness[0..32]);
-            witness = &witness[32..];
-
-            // Sibling node should be an element of Fr
-            let sibling = match {
-                let mut repr = FrRepr::default();
-                repr.read_le(&sibling[..]).expect("length is 32 bytes");
-                Fr::from_repr(repr)
-            } {
-                Ok(p) => p,
-                Err(_) => return Err(()),
-            };
-
-            // Set the value in the auth path; we put false here
-            // for now (signifying the position bit) which we'll
-            // fill in later.
-            auth_path[i] = Some((sibling, false));
-        }
-
-        // Read the position from the witness
-        let position = witness
-            .read_u64::<LittleEndian>()
-            .expect("should have had index at the end");
-
-        // Given the position, let's finish constructing the authentication
-        // path
-        let mut tmp = position;
-        for i in 0..TREE_DEPTH {
-            auth_path[i].as_mut().map(|p| p.1 = (tmp & 1) == 1);
-
-            tmp >>= 1;
-        }
-
-        // The witness should be empty now; if it wasn't, the caller would
-        // have provided more information than they should have, indicating
-        // a bug downstream
-        assert_eq!(witness.len(), 0);
-
-        Ok(CommitmentTreeWitness {
-            auth_path,
-            position,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
 /// A context object for creating the Sapling components of a Zcash transaction.
 pub struct SaplingProvingContext {
     bsk: Fs,
@@ -113,7 +43,7 @@ impl SaplingProvingContext {
         ar: Fs,
         value: u64,
         anchor: Fr,
-        witness: CommitmentTreeWitness,
+        witness: CommitmentTreeWitness<Node>,
         proving_key: &Parameters<Bls12>,
         verifying_key: &PreparedVerifyingKey<Bls12>,
         params: &JubjubBls12,
@@ -182,7 +112,11 @@ impl SaplingProvingContext {
             payment_address: Some(payment_address),
             commitment_randomness: Some(rcm),
             ar: Some(ar),
-            auth_path: witness.auth_path,
+            auth_path: witness
+                .auth_path
+                .iter()
+                .map(|n| n.map(|(node, b)| (node.into(), b)))
+                .collect(),
             anchor: Some(anchor),
         };