Refactor + Typescript conversion

[BaileyFirman]

** READ THIS FIRST! **

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Requests for new features should first be discussed on the developer forum.
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Checklist

• I have read the CONTRIBUTING guidelines.
• I have added test cases which verify the correct operation of this feature or patch.
• I have added documentation pertaining to this feature or patch.
• The automated test suite ($ make test) executes successfully.
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