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Fix spacing in docs for core::pin by combining consequent code bloc…
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…ks using HTML-syntax.
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steffahn committed Jan 5, 2021
1 parent 68ec332 commit d3915c5
Showing 1 changed file with 23 additions and 23 deletions.
46 changes: 23 additions & 23 deletions library/core/src/pin.rs
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//! By default, all types in Rust are movable. Rust allows passing all types by-value,
//! and common smart-pointer types such as [`Box<T>`] and `&mut T` allow replacing and
//! moving the values they contain: you can move out of a [`Box<T>`], or you can use [`mem::swap`].
//! [`Pin<P>`] wraps a pointer type `P`, so [`Pin`]`<`[`Box`]`<T>>` functions much like a regular
//! [`Box<T>`]: when a [`Pin`]`<`[`Box`]`<T>>` gets dropped, so do its contents, and the memory gets
//! deallocated. Similarly, [`Pin`]`<&mut T>` is a lot like `&mut T`. However, [`Pin<P>`] does
//! [`Pin<P>`] wraps a pointer type `P`, so <code>[Pin]<[Box]\<T>></code> functions much like a regular
//! [`Box<T>`]: when a <code>[Pin]<[Box]\<T>></code> gets dropped, so do its contents, and the memory gets
//! deallocated. Similarly, <code>[Pin]<&mut T></code> is a lot like `&mut T`. However, [`Pin<P>`] does
//! not let clients actually obtain a [`Box<T>`] or `&mut T` to pinned data, which implies that you
//! cannot use operations such as [`mem::swap`]:
//!
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//!
//! [`Pin<P>`] can be used to wrap any pointer type `P`, and as such it interacts with
//! [`Deref`] and [`DerefMut`]. A [`Pin<P>`] where `P: Deref` should be considered
//! as a "`P`-style pointer" to a pinned `P::Target` -- so, a [`Pin`]`<`[`Box`]`<T>>` is
//! an owned pointer to a pinned `T`, and a [`Pin`]`<`[`Rc`]`<T>>` is a reference-counted
//! as a "`P`-style pointer" to a pinned `P::Target` -- so, a <code>[Pin]<[Box]\<T>></code> is
//! an owned pointer to a pinned `T`, and a <code>[Pin]<[Rc]\<T>></code> is a reference-counted
//! pointer to a pinned `T`.
//! For correctness, [`Pin<P>`] relies on the implementations of [`Deref`] and
//! [`DerefMut`] not to move out of their `self` parameter, and only ever to
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//! [`bool`], [`i32`], and references) as well as types consisting solely of these
//! types. Types that do not care about pinning implement the [`Unpin`]
//! auto-trait, which cancels the effect of [`Pin<P>`]. For `T: Unpin`,
//! [`Pin`]`<`[`Box`]`<T>>` and [`Box<T>`] function identically, as do [`Pin`]`<&mut T>` and
//! <code>[Pin]<[Box]\<T>></code> and [`Box<T>`] function identically, as do <code>[Pin]<&mut T></code> and
//! `&mut T`.
//!
//! Note that pinning and [`Unpin`] only affect the pointed-to type `P::Target`, not the pointer
//! type `P` itself that got wrapped in [`Pin<P>`]. For example, whether or not [`Box<T>`] is
//! [`Unpin`] has no effect on the behavior of [`Pin`]`<`[`Box`]`<T>>` (here, `T` is the
//! [`Unpin`] has no effect on the behavior of <code>[Pin]<[Box]\<T>></code> (here, `T` is the
//! pointed-to type).
//!
//! # Example: self-referential struct
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//!
//! Notice that this guarantee does *not* mean that memory does not leak! It is still
//! completely okay not ever to call [`drop`] on a pinned element (e.g., you can still
//! call [`mem::forget`] on a [`Pin`]`<`[`Box`]`<T>>`). In the example of the doubly-linked
//! call [`mem::forget`] on a <code>[Pin]<[Box]\<T>></code>). In the example of the doubly-linked
//! list, that element would just stay in the list. However you may not free or reuse the storage
//! *without calling [`drop`]*.
//!
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//! This can never cause a problem in safe code because implementing a type that
//! relies on pinning requires unsafe code, but be aware that deciding to make
//! use of pinning in your type (for example by implementing some operation on
//! [`Pin`]`<&Self>` or [`Pin`]`<&mut Self>`) has consequences for your [`Drop`]
//! <code>[Pin]<&Self></code> or <code>[Pin]<&mut Self></code>) has consequences for your [`Drop`]
//! implementation as well: if an element of your type could have been pinned,
//! you must treat [`Drop`] as implicitly taking [`Pin`]`<&mut Self>`.
//! you must treat [`Drop`] as implicitly taking <code>[Pin]<&mut Self></code>.
//!
//! For example, you could implement `Drop` as follows:
//!
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//! # Projections and Structural Pinning
//!
//! When working with pinned structs, the question arises how one can access the
//! fields of that struct in a method that takes just [`Pin`]`<&mut Struct>`.
//! fields of that struct in a method that takes just <code>[Pin]<&mut Struct></code>.
//! The usual approach is to write helper methods (so called *projections*)
//! that turn [`Pin`]`<&mut Struct>` into a reference to the field, but what
//! type should that reference have? Is it [`Pin`]`<&mut Field>` or `&mut Field`?
//! that turn <code>[Pin]<&mut Struct></code> into a reference to the field, but what
//! type should that reference have? Is it <code>[Pin]<&mut Field></code> or `&mut Field`?
//! The same question arises with the fields of an `enum`, and also when considering
//! container/wrapper types such as [`Vec<T>`], [`Box<T>`], or [`RefCell<T>`].
//! (This question applies to both mutable and shared references, we just
//! use the more common case of mutable references here for illustration.)
//!
//! It turns out that it is actually up to the author of the data structure
//! to decide whether the pinned projection for a particular field turns
//! [`Pin`]`<&mut Struct>` into [`Pin`]`<&mut Field>` or `&mut Field`. There are some
//! <code>[Pin]<&mut Struct></code> into <code>[Pin]<&mut Field></code> or `&mut Field`. There are some
//! constraints though, and the most important constraint is *consistency*:
//! every field can be *either* projected to a pinned reference, *or* have
//! pinning removed as part of the projection. If both are done for the same field,
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//! ## Pinning *is not* structural for `field`
//!
//! It may seem counter-intuitive that the field of a pinned struct might not be pinned,
//! but that is actually the easiest choice: if a [`Pin`]`<&mut Field>` is never created,
//! but that is actually the easiest choice: if a <code>[Pin]<&mut Field></code> is never created,
//! nothing can go wrong! So, if you decide that some field does not have structural pinning,
//! all you have to ensure is that you never create a pinned reference to that field.
//!
//! Fields without structural pinning may have a projection method that turns
//! [`Pin`]`<&mut Struct>` into `&mut Field`:
//! <code>[Pin]<&mut Struct></code> into `&mut Field`:
//!
//! ```rust,no_run
//! # use std::pin::Pin;
Expand All @@ -251,14 +251,14 @@
//!
//! You may also `impl Unpin for Struct` *even if* the type of `field`
//! is not [`Unpin`]. What that type thinks about pinning is not relevant
//! when no [`Pin`]`<&mut Field>` is ever created.
//! when no <code>[Pin]<&mut Field></code> is ever created.
//!
//! ## Pinning *is* structural for `field`
//!
//! The other option is to decide that pinning is "structural" for `field`,
//! meaning that if the struct is pinned then so is the field.
//!
//! This allows writing a projection that creates a [`Pin`]`<&mut Field>`, thus
//! This allows writing a projection that creates a <code>[Pin]<&mut Field></code>, thus
//! witnessing that the field is pinned:
//!
//! ```rust,no_run
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//! and thus they do not offer pinning projections. This is why `Box<T>: Unpin` holds for all `T`.
//! It makes sense to do this for pointer types, because moving the `Box<T>`
//! does not actually move the `T`: the [`Box<T>`] can be freely movable (aka `Unpin`) even if
//! the `T` is not. In fact, even [`Pin`]`<`[`Box`]`<T>>` and [`Pin`]`<&mut T>` are always
//! the `T` is not. In fact, even <code>[Pin]<[Box]\<T>></code> and <code>[Pin]<&mut T></code> are always
//! [`Unpin`] themselves, for the same reason: their contents (the `T`) are pinned, but the
//! pointers themselves can be moved without moving the pinned data. For both [`Box<T>`] and
//! [`Pin`]`<`[`Box`]`<T>>`, whether the content is pinned is entirely independent of whether the
//! <code>[Pin]<[Box]\<T>></code>, whether the content is pinned is entirely independent of whether the
//! pointer is pinned, meaning pinning is *not* structural.
//!
//! When implementing a [`Future`] combinator, you will usually need structural pinning
//! for the nested futures, as you need to get pinned references to them to call [`poll`].
//! But if your combinator contains any other data that does not need to be pinned,
//! you can make those fields not structural and hence freely access them with a
//! mutable reference even when you just have [`Pin`]`<&mut Self>` (such as in your own
//! mutable reference even when you just have <code>[Pin]<&mut Self></code> (such as in your own
//! [`poll`] implementation).
//!
//! [`Deref`]: crate::ops::Deref
Expand All @@ -356,10 +356,10 @@
//! [`Box<T>`]: ../../std/boxed/struct.Box.html
//! [`Vec<T>`]: ../../std/vec/struct.Vec.html
//! [`Vec::set_len`]: ../../std/vec/struct.Vec.html#method.set_len
//! [`Box`]: ../../std/boxed/struct.Box.html
//! [Box]: ../../std/boxed/struct.Box.html
//! [Vec::pop]: ../../std/vec/struct.Vec.html#method.pop
//! [Vec::push]: ../../std/vec/struct.Vec.html#method.push
//! [`Rc`]: ../../std/rc/struct.Rc.html
//! [Rc]: ../../std/rc/struct.Rc.html
//! [`RefCell<T>`]: crate::cell::RefCell
//! [`drop`]: Drop::drop
//! [`VecDeque<T>`]: ../../std/collections/struct.VecDeque.html
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