feat: introduce information schema provider cache

[WenyXu]

I hereby agree to the terms of the GreptimeDB CLA

What's changed and what's your intention?

Each time invoking the self.system_catalog.table(catalog, schema, table_name), the system_catalog makes a new InformationSchemaProvider, which is time-consuming.

If we execute the SELECT * FROM information_schema. tables;, each self.system_catalog.table(catalog, schema, table_name) invoking will take ~30ms, resulting in query will spend ~500ms. The key problem here:

  let sys_tables = try_stream!({
      // System tables
      let sys_table_names = self.system_catalog.table_names(schema);
      for table_name in sys_table_names {
          if let Some(table) = self.system_catalog.table(catalog, schema, &table_name) { // <- This invoking
              yield table;
          }
      }
  });

BTW, I checked the behavior on the cloud, and the information_schema doesn't work.

Checklist

• I have written the necessary rustdoc comments.
• I have added the necessary unit tests and integration tests.
• This PR does not require documentation updates.

Refer to a related PR or issue link (optional)

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Comparison is base (440cd00) 85.86% compared to head (7a73a55) 85.39%.
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #3208      +/-   ##
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- Coverage   85.86%   85.39%   -0.47%     
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  Files         839      839              
  Lines      137421   137447      +26     
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- Hits       117990   117369     -621     
- Misses      19431    20078     +647     

[shuiyisong]

🚀