Constituent Treelib (CTL)

A lightweight Python library for constructing, processing, and visualizing constituent trees.

Description

CTL is a lightweight Python library that offers you a convenient way to parse sentences into constituent trees, modify them according to their structure, as well as visualize and export them into various file formats. In addition, you can extract phrases according to their phrasal categories (which can be used e.g., as features for various NLP tasks), validate already parsed sentences in bracket notation or convert them back into sentences.

CTL is built on top of benepar (Berkeley Neural Parser) as well as the two well-known NLP frameworks spaCy and NLTK. Here, spaCy is used for tokenization and sentence segmentation, while benepar performs the actual parsing of the sentences. NLTK, on the other hand, provides the fundamental data structure for storing and processing the parsed sentences.

To gain a clearer picture of what a constituent tree looks like, we consider the following example. Let S denote the sentence...

 "Isaac Asimov was an American writer and professor of biochemistry at Boston University."

This sentence can be parsed into a bracketed tree string representation (shown below in a Penn tree-bank style)

(S
  (NP (NNP Isaac) (NNP Asimov))
  (VP
    (VBD was)
    (NP
      (NP (DT an) (JJ American) (NN writer) (CC and) (NN professor))
      (PP (IN of) (NP (NN biochemistry)))
      (PP (IN at) (NP (NNP Boston) (NNP University)))))
  (. .))

which represents the actual constituent tree. However, since this notation is not really easy to read, we can turn it into a nicer visualization using - guess what - CTL! Once we have parsed and visualized the tree, we can export it to a desired format, here for example as a PNG file:

In case you grew up in the Usenet era, you might prefer the classic ASCII-ART look...

                                          S                                                              
        __________________________________|____________________________________________________________   
       |                    VP                                                                         | 
       |           _________|____________________                                                      |  
       |          |                              NP                                                    | 
       |          |                  ____________|________________________________                     |  
       |          |                 |                       PP                    PP                   | 
       |          |                 |                    ___|_______          ____|_____               |  
       NP         |                 NP                  |           NP       |          NP             | 
   ____|____      |    _____________|____________       |           |        |     _____|______        |  
 NNP       NNP   VBD  DT    JJ      NN    CC     NN     IN          NN       IN  NNP          NNP      . 
  |         |     |   |     |       |     |      |      |           |        |    |            |       |  
Isaac     Asimov was  an American writer and professor  of     biochemistry  at Boston     University  . 

Regardless of which format is considered, the underlying representation¹ shows three aspects of the structure of S:

• Linear order of the words and their part-of-speech: NNP = Isaac, NNP = Asimov, VBD = was, ...
• Groupings of the words and their part-of-speech into phrases: NP = Isaac Asimov, VP = an American writer and professor, PP = of biochemistry and PP = at Boston University
• Hierarchical structure of the phrases: S, VP, NP and PP

Applications

Constituent trees offer a wide range of applications including:

• Analysis and comparison of sentence structures between different languages for (computational) linguists
• Extracting phrasal features for certain NLP tasks (e.g., Machine Translation, Information Extraction, Paraphrasing, Stylometry, Deception Detection or Natural Language Watermarking)
• Using the resulting representations as an input to train GNNs for specific tasks (e.g., Chemical–Drug Relation Extraction or Semantic Role Labeling)

Features

• Easy construction of constituent trees from raw or already processed sentences
• Converting parsed constituent trees back into sentences
• Convenient export of tree visualizations into various file formats
• Extraction of phrases according to their phrasal categories
• Manipulation of the tree structure (without inner postag nodes or without token leaves)
• Multilingual (currently CTL supports eight languages)
• Automatic NLP pipeline creation (loads and installs the benepar + spaCy models on demand)
• No API dependency (after downloading the models CTL can be used completely offline)
• Extensively documented source code

No Code Demo

In case you just want to play around with CTL, there is a minimally functional Streamlit app that will be gradually extended. To run the demo, please first install Streamlit via: pip install streamlit. Afterwards, you can call the app from the command line as follows: streamlit run ctl_app.py

Installation

The easiest way to install CTL is to use pip, where you can choose between (1) the PyPI² repository and (2) this repository.

• (1) pip install constituent-treelib

• (2) pip install git+https://github.com/Halvani/constituent_treelib.git

The latter will pull and install the latest commit from this repository as well as the required Python dependencies.

Non-Python dependencies:

CTL also relies on two open-source tools to export constituent trees into various file formats:

• To export the constituent tree into a PDF, the command line tool wkhtmltopdf is required. Once downloaded and installed, the path to the wkhtmltopdf binary must be passed to the export function.

• To export the constituent tree into the file formats JPG, PNG, GIF, BMP, EPS, PSD, TIFF and YAML, the software suite ImageMagick is required.

Quickstart

Below you can find several examples of the core functionality of CTL. More examples can be found in the jupyter notebook demo.

Creating an NLP pipeline

To instantiate a ConstituentTree object, CTL requires a spaCy-based NLP pipeline that incorporates a benepar component. Although you can set up this pipeline yourself, it is recommended (and more convenient) to let CTL do it for you automatically via the create_pipeline() method. Given the desired language, this method creates the NLP pipeline and also downloads³ the corresponding spaCy and benepar models, if requested. The following code shows an example of this:

from constituent_treelib import ConstituentTree, BracketedTree, Language, Structure

# Define the language for the sentence as well as for the spaCy and benepar models
language = Language.English

# Define which specific SpaCy model should be used (default is Medium)
spacy_model_size = ConstituentTree.SpacyModelSize.Medium

# Create the pipeline (note, the required models will be downloaded and installed automatically)
nlp = ConstituentTree.create_pipeline(language, spacy_model_size)
 
>>> ✔ Download and installation successful
>>> You can now load the package via spacy.load('en_core_web_md')

>>> [nltk_data] Downloading package benepar_en3 to
>>> [nltk_data] [..] \nltk_data...
>>> [nltk_data] Unzipping models\benepar_en3.zip.

Define a sentence

Next, we instantiate a ConstituentTree object and pass it the created NLP pipeline along with a sentence to parse, e.g. the memorable quote "You must construct additional pylons!"⁴. Rather than a raw sentence, ConstituentTree also accepts an already parsed sentence wrapped as a BracketedTree object, or alternatively in the form of an NLTK tree. The following example illustrates all three options:

# Raw sentence
sentence = 'You must construct additional pylons!'

# Parsed sentence wrapped as a BracketedTree object
bracketed_tree_string = '(S (NP (PRP You)) (VP (MD must) (VP (VB construct) (NP (JJ additional) (NNS pylons)))) (. !))'
sentence = BracketedTree(bracketed_tree_string)

# Parsed sentence in the form of an NLTK tree
from nltk import Tree

sentence = Tree('S', [Tree('NP', [Tree('PRP', ['You'])]), Tree('VP', [Tree('MD', ['must']), Tree('VP', [Tree('VB', ['construct']), Tree('NP', [Tree('JJ', ['additional']), Tree('NNS', ['pylons'])])])]), Tree('.', ['!'])])

tree = ConstituentTree(sentence, nlp)

Modified tree structure

CTL allows you to modify the structure of the tree by either:

• Eliminating inner postag nodes (tree contains now phrasal categories as inner nodes and tokens as leaves)

• Eliminating token leaves (tree contains now phrasal categories as inner nodes and postags as leaves)

without_token_leaves = ConstituentTree(sentence, nlp, Structure.WithoutTokenLeaves)

without_inner_postag_nodes = ConstituentTree(sentence, nlp, Structure.WithoutPostagNodes)

The result...

Modified tree structures offer several benefits. One of them, for example, is saving space when using the visualizations in papers. Eliminating the inner postag nodes (shown on the right) reduces the tree height from level 5 to 4. Another useful application arises from the elimination of token leaves, which will be discussed in more detail in the following section.

Extract phrases

Once we have created tree, we can now extract phrases according to given phrasal categories e.g., verb phrases:

phrases = tree.extract_all_phrases()
print(phrases)

>>> {'S': ['You must construct additional pylons !'],
>>> 'VP': ['must construct additional pylons', 'construct additional pylons'],
>>> 'NP': ['additional pylons']}

# Only verb phrases..
print(phrases['VP'])

>>> ['must construct additional pylons', 'construct additional pylons']

As can be seen here, the second verb phrase is contained in the former. To avoid this, we can instruct the method to disregard nested phrases:

non_nested_phrases = tree.extract_all_phrases(avoid_nested_phrases=True)
print(non_nested_phrases['VP'])

>>> ['must construct additional pylons']

If you want to extract phrases, but are more interested in their postag representation than the actual words/tokens, you can apply the same function to the modified tree...

pos_phrases = without_token_leaves.extract_all_phrases()
print(pos_phrases)

>>> {'S': ['PRP MD VB JJ NNS .'],
>>> 'NP': ['JJ NNS'],
>>> 'VP': ['MD VB JJ NNS', 'VB JJ NNS']}

This is especially helpful when investigating the writing style of authors.

Export the tree

CTL offers you to export a constituent tree into various file formats, which are listed below. Most of these formats result in a visualization of the tree, while the remaining file formats are used for data exchange.

Extension	Description	Output
PDF	Portable Document Format	Vector graphic
SVG	Scalable Vector Graphics	Vector graphic
EPS	Encapsulated PostScript	Vector graphic
JPG	Joint Photographic Experts Group	Raster image
PNG	Portable Network Graphics	Raster image
GIF	Graphics Interchange Format	Raster image
BMP	Bitmap	Raster image
PSD	Photoshop Document	Raster image
TIFF	Tagged Image File Format	Raster image
JSON	JavaScript Object Notation	Data exchange format
YAML	Yet Another Markup Language	Data exchange format
TXT	Plain-Text	Pretty-print text visualization
TEX	LaTeX-Document	LaTeX-typesetting

The following example shows an export of the tree into a PDF file:

tree.export_tree(destination_filepath='my_tree.pdf', verbose=True)

>>> PDF - file successfully saved to: my_tree.pdf

In the case of raster/vector images, CTL automatically removes unnecessary margins with respect to the resulting visualizations. This is particularly useful if the visualizations are to be used in papers.

Available models and languages

CTL currently supports eight languages: English, German, French, Polish, Hungarian, Swedish, Chinese and Korean. The performance of the respective models can be looked up in the benepar repository.

CTL in the Research Landscape

CTL has been used in several research works that have appeared at renowned conferences such as ICLR 2024 and ACL 2024:

• Yuang Li, Jiaxin Guo, Min Zhang, Ma Miaomiao, Zhiqiang Rao, Weidong Zhang, Xianghui He, Daimeng Wei, and Hao Yang. 2024. Pause-Aware Automatic Dubbing using LLM and Voice Cloning. In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Spoken Language Translation (IWSLT 2024), pages 12–16, Bangkok, Thailand (in-person and online). Association for Computational Linguistics.

• Tanvir Mahmud, D. Marculescu, Weakly-supervised Audio Separation via Bi-modal Semantic Similarity, in: The Twelfth International Conference on Learning Representations, 2024.

License

The code and the jupyter notebook demo of CTL are released under the MIT License. See LICENSE for further details.

Citation

If you find this repository helpful, please invest a few minutes and cite it in your paper/project:

@software{Halvani_Constituent_Treelib:2024,
	author = {Halvani, Oren},
	title = {{Constituent Treelib - A Lightweight Python Library for Constructing, Processing, and Visualizing Constituent Trees.}},
	doi = {10.5281/zenodo.10951644},
	month = apr,	
	url = {https://github.com/Halvani/constituent-treelib},
	version = {0.0.7},
	year = {2024}
}

Please also give credit to the authors of benepar and cite their work. In science, the principle is: give and take..

Footnotes

1. Note, if you are not familiar with the bracket labels of constituent trees, have a look at the following Gist or alternatively this website. ↩

2. It's recommended to install CTL from PyPI (Python Package Index). However, if you want to benefit from the latest update of CTL, you should use this repository instead, since I will only update PyPi at irregular intervals. ↩

3. After the models have been downloaded, they are cached so that there are no redundant downloads when the method is called again. However, loading and initializing the spaCy and benepar models can take a while, so it makes sense to invoke the create_pipeline() method only once if you want to process multiple sentences. ↩

4. https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/you-must-construct-additional-pylons ↩