I think this is a bug in Ruby, but I've no idea how to track it down. I
can reproduce it intermittently in a codespace when `brew install`ing a
large number of formulae.

To work around this:
- cache the return value of `brewed_ld_so_diagnostics` so that we can
  limit the number of calls to `IO.popen`
- retry once when we see a `TypeError`

Closes #17828.

This is a hack, so let's see if we can get away with skipping it for
now.