Added documentation for new structure dsl

Also, updated name of binary and char string types.
Now the default :string is not null padded and
the :padding option is used to specify what type
of padding is used.

docs/machostructure-dsl.md

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# Internal MachOStructure DSL
+## Documentation
+The MachOStructure class makes it easy to describe binary chunks by using the #field method. This method generates the byte size and format strings necessary to parse a chunk of binary data. It also automatically generates the constructor and readers for all fields as well.
+
+The fields are created in order so you will be expected to pass those arguements to the constructor in the same order. Fields with no arguments should be defined last and fields with default arguments should be defined right before them.
+
+The type and options of inherited fields can be changed but their argument position and the number of arguments (used to calculate min_args) will also not change.
+
+Usually, endianness is handled by the Utils#specialize_format method but occasionally a field needs to specifiy that beforehand. That is what the :endian option is for. If not specified, a placeholder is used so that can be specified later.
+
+## Syntax
+```ruby
+field [field name], [field type], [option1 => value1], [option2 => value2], ...
+```
+
+## Example
+```ruby
+class AllFields < MachO::MachOStructure
+  field :name1, :string, :size => 16
+  field :name3, :int32
+  field :name4, :uint32
+  field :name5, :uint64
+  field :name6, :view
+  field :name7, :lcstr
+  field :name8, :two_level_hints_table
+  field :name9, :tool_entries
+end
+```
+
+## Field Types
+- `:string` [requires `:size` option] [optional `:padding` option]
+  - a string
+- `:int32 `
+  - a signed 32 bit integer
+- `:uint32 `
+  - an unsigned 32 bit integer
+- `:uint64 `
+  - an unsigned 64 bit integer
+- `:view` [initalized]
+  - an instance of the MachOView class (lib/macho/view.rb)
+- `:lcstr` [NOT initalized]
+  - an instance of the LCStr class (lib/macho/load_commands.rb)
+- `:two_level_hints_table` [NOT initalized] [NO argument]
+  - an instance of the TwoLevelHintsTable class (lib/macho/load_commands.rb)
+- `:tool_entries` [NOT initalized]
+  - an instance of the ToolEntries class (lib/macho/load_commands.rb)
+
+## Option Types
+- Exclusive (only one can be used at a time)
+  - `:mask` [Integer] bitmask to be applied to field
+  - `:unpack` [String] binary unpack string used for further unpacking of :string
+  - `:default` [Value] default field value
+- Inclusive (can be used with other options)
+  - `:to_s` [Boolean] generate `#to_s` method based on field
+- Used with Integer field types
+  - `:endian` [Symbol] optionally specify `:big` or `:little` endian
+- Used with `:string` field type
+  - `:size` [Integer] size in bytes
+  - `:padding` [Symbol] optionally specify `:null` padding
+
+## More Infomation
+Hop over to lib/macho/structure.rb to see the class itself.

lib/macho/headers.rb

@@ -751,13 +751,13 @@ class PrelinkedKernelHeader < MachOStructure
       field :prelink_version, :uint32, :endian => :big
 
       # @return [void]
-      field :reserved, :binary, :size => 40, :unpack => "L>10"
+      field :reserved, :string, :size => 40, :unpack => "L>10"
 
       # @return [void]
-      field :platform_name, :binary, :size => 64
+      field :platform_name, :string, :size => 64
 
       # @return [void]
-      field :root_path, :binary, :size => 256
+      field :root_path, :string, :size => 256
 
       # @return [Boolean] whether this prelinked kernel supports KASLR
       def kaslr?

lib/macho/load_commands.rb

@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ def initialize(endianness, alignment)
     # LC_UUID.
     class UUIDCommand < LoadCommand
       # @return [Array<Integer>] the UUID
-      field :uuid, :binary, :size => 16, :unpack => "C16"
+      field :uuid, :string, :size => 16, :unpack => "C16"
 
       # @return [String] a string representation of the UUID
       def uuid_string
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ def to_h
     # the task's address space. Corresponds to LC_SEGMENT.
     class SegmentCommand < LoadCommand
       # @return [String] the name of the segment
-      field :segname, :string, :size => 16, :to_s => true
+      field :segname, :string, :padding => :null, :size => 16, :to_s => true
 
       # @return [Integer] the memory address of the segment
       field :vmaddr, :uint32
@@ -1325,7 +1325,7 @@ def to_h
     # Corresponds to LC_NOTE.
     class NoteCommand < LoadCommand
       # @return [String] the name of the owner for this note
-      field :data_owner, :string, :size => 16, :to_s => true
+      field :data_owner, :string, :padding => :null, :size => 16, :to_s => true
 
       # @return [Integer] the offset, within the file, of the note
       field :offset, :uint64

lib/macho/sections.rb

@@ -89,11 +89,11 @@ module Sections
     # Represents a section of a segment for 32-bit architectures.
     class Section < MachOStructure
       # @return [String] the name of the section, including null pad bytes
-      field :sectname, :string, :size => 16
+      field :sectname, :string, :padding => :null, :size => 16
 
       # @return [String] the name of the segment's section, including null
       #  pad bytes
-      field :segname, :string, :size => 16
+      field :segname, :string, :padding => :null, :size => 16
 
       # @return [Integer] the memory address of the section
       field :addr, :uint32

lib/macho/structure.rb

@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module MachO
-  # A general purpose pseudo-structure.
+  # A general purpose pseudo-structure. Described in detail in docs/machostructure-dsl.md.
   # @abstract
   class MachOStructure
     # Constants used for parsing MachOStructure fields
     module Fields
       # 1. All fields with empty strings and zeros aren't used
       #    to calculate the format and sizeof variables.
       # 2. All fields with nil should provide those values manually
-      #    via the :size and :fmt parameters.
+      #    via the :size parameter.
 
       # association of field types to byte size
       # @api private
       BYTE_SIZE = {
         # Binary slices
-        :binary => nil,
         :string => nil,
+        :null_padded_string => nil,
         :int32 => 4,
         :uint32 => 4,
         :uint64 => 8,
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ module Fields
       # @api private
       FORMAT_CODE = {
         # Binary slices
-        :binary => "a",
-        :string => "Z",
+        :string => "a",
+        :null_padded_string => "Z",
         :int32 => "l=",
         :uint32 => "L=",
         :uint64 => "Q=",
@@ -51,12 +51,12 @@ module Fields
       # A list of classes that must get initialized
       # To add a new class append it here and add the init method to the def_class_reader method
       # @api private
-      CLASS_LIST = %i[lcstr tool_entries two_level_hints_table].freeze
+      CLASSES_TO_INIT = %i[lcstr tool_entries two_level_hints_table].freeze
 
-      # A list of fields that don't require arguments
+      # A list of fields that don't require arguments in the initializer
       # Used to calculate MachOStructure#min_args
       # @api private
-      NO_ARGS_LIST = %i[two_level_hints_table].freeze
+      NO_ARG_REQUIRED = %i[two_level_hints_table].freeze
     end
 
     # map of field names to indices
@@ -139,6 +139,7 @@ def inherited(subclass) # rubocop:disable Lint/MissingSuper
       #   :default [Value] default value
       #   :to_s [Boolean] flag for generating #to_s
       #   :endian [Symbol] optionally specify :big or :little endian
+      #   :padding [Symbol] optionally specify :null padding
       # @api private
       def field(name, type, **options)
         raise ArgumentError, "Invalid field type #{type}" unless Fields::FORMAT_CODE.key?(type)
@@ -147,13 +148,16 @@ def field(name, type, **options)
         idx = if @field_idxs.key?(name)
           @field_idxs[name]
         else
-          @min_args += 1 unless options.key?(:default) || Fields::NO_ARGS_LIST.include?(type)
+          @min_args += 1 unless options.key?(:default) || Fields::NO_ARG_REQUIRED.include?(type)
           @field_idxs[name] = @field_idxs.size
           @size_list << nil
           @fmt_list << nil
           @field_idxs.size - 1
         end
 
+        # Update string type if padding is specified
+        type = :null_padded_string if type == :string && options[:padding] == :null
+
         # Add to size_list and fmt_list
         @size_list[idx] = Fields::BYTE_SIZE[type] || options[:size]
         @fmt_list[idx] = if options[:endian]
@@ -164,7 +168,7 @@ def field(name, type, **options)
         @fmt_list[idx] += options[:size].to_s if options.key?(:size)
 
         # Generate methods
-        if Fields::CLASS_LIST.include?(type)
+        if Fields::CLASSES_TO_INIT.include?(type)
           def_class_reader(name, type, idx)
         elsif options.key?(:mask)
           def_mask_reader(name, idx, options[:mask])
@@ -184,7 +188,7 @@ def field(name, type, **options)
       #
 
       # Generates a reader method for classes that need to be initialized.
-      # These classes are defined in the Fields::CLASS_LIST array.
+      # These classes are defined in the Fields::CLASSES_TO_INIT array.
       # @param name [Symbol] name of internal field
       # @param type [Symbol] type of field in terms of binary size
       # @param idx [Integer] the index of the field value in the @values array

test/test_structure_dsl.rb

@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ class MachOStructureTest < Minitest::Test
   # that information is reflected in the bytesize, min_args
   # and format.
   class AllFields < MachO::MachOStructure
-    field :binary, :binary, :size => 16
-    field :string, :string, :size => 32
+    field :string, :string, :size => 16
+    field :null_term_str, :string, :padding => :null, :size => 32
     field :int32, :int32
     field :uint32, :uint32
     field :uint64, :uint64
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ class AllFields < MachO::MachOStructure
   end
 
   def test_all_field_types
-    assert_includes AllFields.instance_methods, :binary
     assert_includes AllFields.instance_methods, :string
+    assert_includes AllFields.instance_methods, :null_term_str
     assert_includes AllFields.instance_methods, :int32
     assert_includes AllFields.instance_methods, :uint32
     assert_includes AllFields.instance_methods, :uint64
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ def test_mask_option
   end
 
   class UnpackCmd < MachO::MachOStructure
-    field :unpack_field, :binary, :size => 8, :unpack => "L>2"
+    field :unpack_field, :string, :size => 8, :unpack => "L>2"
   end
 
   def test_unpack_option
@@ -106,4 +106,19 @@ class EndianCmd < MachO::MachOStructure
   def test_endian_option
     assert_equal EndianCmd.format, "L>L<"
   end
+
+  class PaddingCmd < MachO::MachOStructure
+    field :str, :string, :size => 12
+    field :null_term_str, :string, :padding => :null, :size => 12
+  end
+
+  def test_padding_option
+    assert_equal PaddingCmd.format, "a12Z12"
+    assert_equal PaddingCmd.bytesize, 24
+
+    padded_str = "Hello\x00World!" * 2
+    padding_cmd = PaddingCmd.new_from_bin(:big, padded_str)
+    assert_equal padding_cmd.str, "Hello\x00World!"
+    assert_equal padding_cmd.null_term_str, "Hello"
+  end
 end