UnionAll triggers "ccall requires the compiler"

[jumerckx]

EDIT:
I reduced this error further to:

using CassetteOverlay
@MethodTable MyTable
mypass = @overlaypass MyTable

mypass() do
    UnionAll(TypeVar(:T,Integer), Array{TypeVar(:T,Integer)})
end

ERROR: `ccall` requires the compiler
Stacktrace:
 [1] (::var"##MyTable#220")(::Type{UnionAll}, ::TypeVar, ::Type{Array{T<:Integer}})
   @ Main boot.jl:297
 [2] #8
   @ ~/masterthesis/mojo_in_julia/einsum.jl:111 [inlined]
 [3] (::var"##MyTable#220")(fargs::var"#8#9")
   @ Main ~/.julia/dev/CassetteOverlay/src/CassetteOverlay.jl:0
 [4] top-level scope
   @ ~/masterthesis/mojo_in_julia/einsum.jl:110

Comparing @code_lowered between without and with pass:

CodeInfo(
1 ─      nothing
│        nothing
│   %3 = Core.typeassert(v, Core.TypeVar)
│   %4 = $(Expr(:foreigncall, :(:jl_type_unionall), Any, svec(Any, Any), 0, :(:ccall), :(%3), :(t)))
└──      return %4
)

CodeInfo(
1 ─      (getfield)(fargs, 1)
│   @ [[...].jl:112 within `#21`]
│   %2 = Main.UnionAll
│   %3 = (#self#)(Main.TypeVar, :T, Main.Integer)
│   %4 = Main.Array
│   %5 = (#self#)(Main.TypeVar, :T, Main.Integer)
│   %6 = (#self#)(Core.apply_type, %4, %5)
│   %7 = (#self#)(%2, %3, %6)
└──      return %7
)

I logged some variables inside transform_stmt and found the :foreigncall expression is being transformed into
$(Expr(:foreigncall, :(:jl_type_unionall), Any, svec(Any, Any), 0, :(:ccall), :(%6), :(%3))).
I don't see what's different here compared to the example from this issue #14. Any help would be appreciated!

---

Original issue

The following example throws an error.

using CassetteOverlay
@MethodTable MyTable
mypass = @overlaypass MyTable

mypass() do
    sum([x for x in 1:3])
end

ERROR: `ccall` requires the compiler
Stacktrace:
 [1] (::var"##MyTable#233")(::Type{UnionAll}, ::TypeVar, ::Type{AbstractArray{var"#s127"<:Int64, 1}})
   @ Main boot.jl:297
 [2] collect
   @ ./array.jl:782 [inlined]
 [3] (::var"##MyTable#233")(::typeof(collect), ::Base.Generator{UnitRange{Int64}, typeof(identity)})
   @ Main ~/.julia/packages/CassetteOverlay/2hq0U/src/CassetteOverlay.jl:0
 [4] #33
   @ ./REPL[6]:2 [inlined]
 [5] (::var"##MyTable#233")(fargs::var"#33#34")
   @ Main ~/.julia/packages/CassetteOverlay/2hq0U/src/CassetteOverlay.jl:0
 [6] top-level scope
   @ REPL[6]:1

I can work around this by not using list comprehensions but was wondering if you know what's going on?
I'm using a somewhat recent Julia nightly, my versioninfo:

Julia Version 1.11.0-DEV.1231
Commit 0afa354c1f1 (2024-01-08 08:39 UTC)
Build Info:
  Official https://julialang.org/ release
Platform Info:
  OS: Linux (x86_64-linux-gnu)
  CPU: 12 × Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-9750H CPU @ 2.60GHz
  WORD_SIZE: 64
  LLVM: libLLVM-15.0.7 (ORCJIT, skylake)
Threads: 1 default, 0 interactive, 1 GC (on 12 virtual cores)
Environment:
  JULIA_EDITOR = code
  JULIA_NUM_THREADS = 

[maleadt]

Hmm, not sure what's up here. The issue seems to be that we never compile the function (so ->invoke points to the interpreter), because we never inferred it, because jl_type_infer calling jl_typeinf_world returned nothing... However, calling inference in isolation generates an assertion failure:

using CassetteOverlay
@MethodTable MyTable
mypass = @overlaypass MyTable
world = Base.get_world_counter()

const CC = Core.Compiler
@inline function signature_type_by_tt(ft::Type, tt::Type)
    u = Base.unwrap_unionall(tt)
    return Base.rewrap_unionall(Tuple{ft, u.parameters...}, tt)
end
function methodinstance(ft::Type, tt::Type)
    sig = signature_type_by_tt(ft, tt)

    match, _ = CC._findsup(sig, nothing, world)
    match === nothing && throw(MethodError(ft, tt, world))

    mi = CC.specialize_method(match)

    return mi::CC.MethodInstance
end

ft = typeof(mypass)
tt = Tuple{Type{UnionAll}, TypeVar, Type{Array{TypeVar(:T,Integer)}}}
mi = methodinstance(ft, tt)::CC.MethodInstance

# inference fails, resulting in the interpreter firing
try
    mypass() do
        UnionAll(TypeVar(:T,Integer), Array{TypeVar(:T,Integer)})
    end
catch err
    Base.showerror(stdout, err)
    Base.show_backtrace(stdout, catch_backtrace())
end

println()

# inference asserts
@show @ccall jl_type_infer(mi::Any, world::Csize_t, false::Cint)::Any

So somehow doing UnionAll(TypeVar(:T,Integer), Array{TypeVar(:T,Integer)}) in a CassetteOverlay pass results in inference being invoked invalidly?

[jumerckx]

If anyone else is running into this issue, I worked around this by introducing an extra "primitive" to the overlaypass:

primitives = quote
	# ...
	@inline function (self::$PassName)(::Type{UnionAll}, v, t)
		return UnionAll(v, t)
	end
	# ...
end

This fixed the issue in the OP but I'm not sure if it is the best solution or doesn't introduce other nasty behaviour.

[aviatesk]

The problem seems to be that the signature (::Main.var"##MyTable#230")(Type{UnionAll}, TypeVar, Type{Array{T<:Integer, N} where N}) is not an isdispatchtuple (especially since Type{Array{T<:Integer, N} where N} has an unbounded type variable within), so due to the guarantee of generated function soundness, inference does not run on the code generated by overlay_generator, and as Tim mentioned, it ends up being executed by the interpreter.
Dispatch with such free type variables are not necessarily something that should be supported, but as a simple solution, adding an overload for UnionAll might not be a bad option.