Introduction
============
pynids is a python wrapper for libnids, a Network Intrusion Detection System
library offering sniffing, IP defragmentation, TCP stream reassembly and TCP
port scan detection.

pynids is free software, copyright (C) 2003, 2004, 2005 Michael J. Pomraning
<mjp{AT}pilcrow{DOT}madison{DOT}wi{DOT}us>.  See the file COPYING for
license information.

Changes since 2013 copyright (c) The MITRE Corporation.

libnids is (c) 1999 Rafal Wojtczuk <nergal@avet.com.pl> and licensed under the
GNU GPL.  See http://www.packetfactory.net/projects/libnids/ for more
information.

Installation
============

  Prerequisites
  -------------
  Python >= 2.2 (www.python.org)
  libpcap (www.tcpdump.org)
  libnet (www.packetfactory.net/libnet)
  tar(1) and patch(1)

  libnids itself is supplied in the pynids distribution.

  Build and Install
  -----------------
  $ python setup.py build
  $ python setup.py install

API Translation
===============

  General
  -------
  #include <nids.h>           import nids

  extern nids_params          nids.param(what [, new_val])

  extern char nids_errbuf[]   nids.error Exception instance

  struct tcp_stream           TcpStream type
    nids_killtcp(tcp_s)       tcpStreamObj.kill()
    nids_discard(tcp_s, 0)    tcpStreamObj.discard(0)

  struct half_stream          HalfStream type

  struct tuple4               ((src, sport), (dst, dport))

  Callback Arguments
  ------------------
  Packets and payloads are string buffers, whereas libnids-specific structs
  are their own types.  Either bound methods or plain functions may be
  registered as callbacks -- their call signature differs only in the presence
  or absence of an initial 'self' argument.

  Examples of plain function callbacks:

    def ip_callback(pkt):
        pass

    def frag_callback(pkt):
        pass

    def udp_callback(addrs, payload, pkt):
        ((sip, sport), (dip, dport)) = addrs
        ....

    def tcp_callback(tcpStreamObj):
        clientHlf = tcpStreamObj.client
        serverHlf = tcpStreamObj.server

  Significant Differences
  -----------------------
  - error handling (global nids_errbuf[], python exceptions)
    No function returns an error code; instead, a nids.error exception is
    raised for init() and getfd().  Unlike libnids, our next() function can
    detect pcap errors (again raised as nids.error).  Exceptions in user
    callbacks will break either next() or run() calls.

  - nids_params (global settings)
    nids.param() handles accessing and changing libnet state variables; there
    is no object corresponding to a struct nids_prm.  Some parameters are
    unimplemented -- see BUGS below.

  - half_stream members
    Only "collect" and "collect_urg" are mutable attributes.

  - Only one handler per register_* type
    Successive calls to, e.g., register_tcp() will simply replace the
    user-defined handle slotted for TCP packets.  If you want multiple
    functions to process packet, implement your own:
  
      for f in tcp_func_list:
          f(tcp_s)

  - user_tcp_func(..., void **param)
    The user-controlled pointer has no analog in pynids.  Programmers may
    store connection-specific data in a global dict, for example, keyed on
    tcpStream.addr.  A bound methods registered as callbacks may of course
    access members of its corresponding object.

  - tuple4 structs
    IP addresses are represented as dotted quad strings, and tuple4 members
    are (re)arranged into a pair of two-tuples suitable for use as AF_INET
    addresses in the socket module.

  Significant Likenesses
  ----------------------
  - pynids use, like libnids use, should be restricted to one and only one
    thread (static variables under the hood).  See also "threads and GIL" in
    BUGS, below.

  - pcap_close() is apparently only called when nids_run() returns in libnids
    1.18; beware fd leaks and inheritance.  More generally, there is no way
    to de-initialize the underlying nids library (reclaiming memory allocated
    for stream reassembly, for instance).

BUGS
====

- nids.param()
  . missing function hooks (syslog, no_mem, ip_filter)
    Should we just nail no_mem() down to throw nids.error and invalidate
    subsequent nids calls?
  . cannot distinguish between invalid members and char * members set to NULL;
    param("foo") and param("pcap_filter") could both return None, e.g.
  . missing type checking
  . implementation is awkward, comparable to old tp_getattr; better/easier as
    a module object with members/getsets.
  . invocation constrained; perhaps introduce a keyword function?

- testing
  . generally insufficient (ip_fragments, tcpO.kill(), etc.)
  . memory profiling

- threads and GIL
  libnids/libpcap routines have no knowledge of the python GIL, so pynids
  method calls will block other python threads.