An ETF (exchange traded fund) is a diversified collection of assets (like a mutual fund) that trades on an exchange (like a stock). ETFs are traded on a stock exchange, just like stocks. Investors are drawn to ETFs because of their low price, tax efficiency and ease of trading.
NAFTRAC is an exchange traded fund (ETF) incorporated in Mexico. The Fund aims to hold all the common stocks of the Mexican Stock Exchange (IPC) Index, and is intended to replicate investment results that generally correspond to the price and yield performance of the IPC Index.
Buy and hold is a passive investment strategy in which an investor buys stocks (or other types of securities such as ETFs) and holds them for a long period regardless of fluctuations in the market. It is a strategy that leaves very few benefits.
The signal strategy takes the various investment instruments and their available information, continually updated to determine if the financial markets are going up or down; If the markets are on the upside, keep our investment on the asset of interest, and sell the asset at the time that the markdown goes down to obtain good returns.
We will use Indices of the main exchanges in America, Europe and Asia, which are strongly related. It will also allow us to have information in different time zones, which will allow us to have updated information. The NAFTRAC must replicate the index of the Mexican Stock Exchange, which is the IPC, we must also consider this as a predictor. The main indexes of the United States such as S&P500, Nasdaq provide us with information on the trend in the stock markets. In Europe, we take the FTSE100 Index (Index of the London Stock Exchange) which is in operation at 3:00 a.m. - 11:30 a.m. The Asian indices that we take into account are the Hang Seng (HSE) of the Hong Kong stock exchange, BSE Sensex (BSE) of the Bombay, India stock exchange, and the AORD index of the Australian stock exchange, which are in operation at 8:00 pm - 3:00 am.
Similarly, we consider oil as an explanatory variable, predictor, we take the reference prices of the American market, we consider Oil as an important variable because Mexico is an oil country, and a large part of its income is given by this commodity. Similarly, we consider the appreciation or depreciation of the mexican currency against the US dollar.
Our equation can be established as follows
Y=b0+b1x1+b2x2+b3x3+...+b10x10+e
Where Y is our response variable is tomorrow's NAFTRAC price minus today's opening price. With our model we seek to make a prediction in the morning, as soon as the Mexican Stock Exchange opens, to determine if we are in a short or long position. We cannot use the information available after they have opened the BMV.
For what we have to use for the Mexican market, as USA market, we will use today's opening price minus yesterday's. Our predictors can be classified into 3 groups. We use the information that Yahoo Finance gives us about the Mexican peso. In the first group will be the markets of Mexico and the US, which will give us information one day late.
| Predictors | Information Available |
|---|---|
| Mexican Markets | NAFTRAC: Open-Open Last Day |
| Mexican Markets | IPC: Open-Open Last Day |
| Forex Markets | Peso: Open-Open Last Day |
| USA Markets | Nasdaq: Open-Open Last Day |
| USA Markets | S&P500: Open-Open Last Day |
| USA Mrkets | OIL: Open-Open Last Day |
| UK Market | FTSE: Open-Open Last Day |
| Asian Markets | HSI: Open-Open Last Day |
| Asian Markets | BSE: Open-Open Last Day |
| Asian Markets | AORD: Open-Open Last Day |
The second group also has a day of delay in the information that is the European mark, where we consider the FTSE of the London Stock Exchange. It would also be today's opening price minus yesterday's opening price, that is, the price with which it opened today at dawn minus yesterday's opening price.
The third group is the Asian markets, in which we obtain their daily returns, which is the closing price minus the opening price of the same day, given that the information is already available a few hours before the BMV opens.
The data is obtained from June 2010 to March 25, 2020 We make an Index Panel that gives us the information of our predictors
>>> Panel_Indices.tail()
Naftrac Naf_A IPC Nasdaq SP500 FTSE HSI AORD BSE OIL Peso Price
Date
2020-03-19 0.240002 -0.510002 -530.339844 94.130371 -43.020020 -214.3 -512.250000 44.899902 514.871094 -4.480000 0.679399 35.349998
2020-03-20 -0.830002 0.240002 -281.722656 251.619629 38.459961 71.0 657.730469 44.899902 1455.140625 2.770000 0.389101 35.590000
2020-03-23 -0.309998 -0.830002 -803.398438 -400.790039 -141.229980 39.2 0.000000 189.199707 -1627.560547 0.049999 0.706799 34.759998
The variable Naf_A is the Naftrac data used one day lag.
We split the data into two parts, we named them Train and Test respectively. With Train is for building the model and Test part is for testing model to see if the model can still make reasonable prediction in this dataset.
If we check the scatterplots, which will response NAFTRAC with other ten predictors, there is no expliciit pattern, which is evidence of high noisy properties of stock markets.
We calculate the correlation between NAFTRAC and the predictors. We can see the relationship more clearly.
Naftrac 1.000000
Naf_A -0.006060
IPC 0.023693
Nasdaq 0.049702
SP500 -0.010664
FTSE -0.012185
HSI 0.087207
AORD 0.148484
BSE 0.059439
OIL -0.021273
Peso -0.138354
Name: Naftrac, dtype: float64
We can see that the Asian markets have a greater relationship, because the information they provide us is a few hours lag addition to the fact that the information from the markets of the United States and Mexico is already considered by them.
We use OLS method of statsmodels to build multiple linear equation model.
OLS Regression Results
==============================================================================
Dep. Variable: Naftrac R-squared: 0.055
Model: OLS Adj. R-squared: 0.047
Method: Least Squares F-statistic: 6.872
Date: Fri, 27 Mar 2020 Prob (F-statistic): 1.65e-10
Time: 18:37:33 Log-Likelihood: -521.88
No. Observations: 1200 AIC: 1066.
Df Residuals: 1189 BIC: 1122.
Df Model: 10
Covariance Type: nonrobust
==============================================================================
coef std err t P>|t| [0.025 0.975]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intercept 0.0135 0.011 1.229 0.219 -0.008 0.035
Naf_A -0.1190 0.040 -3.011 0.003 -0.197 -0.041
IPC 0.0001 4.7e-05 2.869 0.004 4.26e-05 0.000
Nasdaq 0.0008 0.001 1.527 0.127 -0.000 0.002
SP500 -0.0040 0.002 -2.522 0.012 -0.007 -0.001
FTSE -0.0002 0.000 -0.986 0.324 -0.001 0.000
HSI 0.0001 6.9e-05 1.659 0.097 -2.09e-05 0.000
AORD 0.0015 0.000 4.677 0.000 0.001 0.002
BSE 2.393e-05 6.09e-05 0.393 0.694 -9.55e-05 0.000
OIL -0.0072 0.008 -0.898 0.370 -0.023 0.009
Peso -0.5317 0.122 -4.347 0.000 -0.772 -0.292
==============================================================================
Omnibus: 125.950 Durbin-Watson: 2.004
Prob(Omnibus): 0.000 Jarque-Bera (JB): 787.985
Skew: 0.238 Prob(JB): 7.78e-172
Kurtosis: 6.941 Cond. No. 4.12e+03
==============================================================================
We analyze the information obtained, the first thing is Prob(F-statistic):1.65e-10 F test is for overall significance of the multiple linear equation model.
Significance of the Model - F Test
H0 : β1 = β2= .... = 0
Ha : at least one of them is not zero
If we reject, we accept alternative and it means that at least one of the predictors is useful. In the model is better fitted than intercept only model, P-value= 2.30e-07, wich is < than 0.05 and it indicates that our model includes useful predictors. P vale = 1.65e-10 < 0.05, Reject H0
Summary table list also list the P value for the train of the significance of the individual predictors
Significance of the individual predictors - t test
H0: β1 = 0 H0: β2 = 0 ....
Ha : β1≠0 Ha: β2 ≠ 0 ....
We know that p value if our predictors are significant, we see that the NAF_A, IPC, AORD and SP500, that means all others predictors are useless information of Naftrac. It may be because of multicollinearity.Also the Mexican currency has a high relationship with the IPC and the Naftrac, given that these instruments are very sensitive to the appreciation of the dollar, given that the US is its main trading partner. This generates a high multicollinearity. Multicollinearity refers to a situation in which two or more predictors in the multiple regression model are highly, linearly related. All indices of different markets are correlated. Multicollinearity does not reduce predictive power. In fact our model has a problem of strong multicollinearity between the IPC and Naf_A predictors, this is because the EFT follows, it replicates the IPC.
We predict NAFTRAC in both train and test, We can see the scatterplot between the Train and Test daily change, and predict the NAFTRAC daily change. It does have positive correlation although no very strong. Considering it is daily change, this result is not very band
First statistic is RMSE, which is the square root of sum of squared errors averaged by degrees of freedom where k is number of predictors. This statistic is to measure the prediction error.
Adjusted R-square, which measures percentage of variation of a response that is explained by the model. We compared to R^2 and RMSE between train and test and we check whether they are different dramatically. If so, this called overfitting. We compute R-squared and RMSE in our model.
| Train | Test | |
|---|---|---|
| R^2 | 0.046691 | 0.071941 |
| RMSE | 0.375523 | 0.43357 |
RMSE and adjusted R^2 is much better in train than in test dataset. RMSE increase in test which is a bit worse than tha in the train. Our model is not overfitted. Our R^2 is only 7.19% percent, which is quite low, but in stock market it's not that bad.
Now we will use predict price change of Naftrac as trading signal and then perform a simple strategy. If the signal is positive, we are Long. Otherwise, we are Short.
First, we will compute a position of our trading based on our predicted value of a response. Order=1 if predicted value is positive or our prediction for price change is positive for opening today to opening tomorrow.
Otherwise, Order=-1 which means we will sell one share if we had one share, and then short sell one share. Daily profit is computed in column is profit. Finally, we compute a cumulative profit and sum it in the column of wealth
Train['Order'] = [1 if sig>0 else -1 for sig in Train['PredictedY']]
Train['Profit'] = Train['Naftrac'] * Train['Order']
Train['Wealth'] = Train['Profit'].cumsum()
print('Total profit (Train data): ', Train['Profit'].sum())
Total profit (Train data): 77.03001022338867Total profit in this 1200 days is $77
Then , we can compare the performance of this strategy, which we call the signal-based strategy with a passive strategy, which we call buy and hold strategy, which is to buy more shares of Nafctrac inially and hold it for 12000 days.
Similarly, we can view it as trading in test dataset.
Test['Wealth'] = Test['Profit'].cumsum()
print('Total Profit (Test): ', Test['Profit'].sum())
Total Profit (Test): 104.29998397827148The total profit is $104, is greather than in train
The consistency of performance is very important. Otherwise, it is too risky to apply it in the future
Average daily return is amirror we can make comparison in Finance Industry when they use a Sharpe Ratio and Maximum Drawdown.
- Sharpe Ratio
- Maximum Drawdown
Sharpe Ratio measures excess return (or risk premium) per unit of deviation in an investment asset or a trading strategy, tipically referred to as risk. For example, daily Sharpe ratio is equal to the mean of excess return divided by standard deviatio of excess return. Since there are about 252 trading days per year in Mexico stock market.
We compute the Sharpe Ratio
| Train | Test | |
|---|---|---|
| Daily Sharpe Ratio | 0.1552 | 0.2024 |
| Yearly Sharpe Ratio | 2.4634 | 3.2129 |
Yearly Sharpe Ratio is 2.46 for trainig data and 3.21 for test data which is greather than of the train data.
The Maximum Drawdown is a maximum percentage decline in the strategy from the historical peak profit at each point in time.
We compute drawdown, and then the maximum of all drawdowns in the trading period. Maxim drawdown is that risk of mirror for extreme loss a strategy.
| Train | Test | |
|---|---|---|
| Maximum Drawdown | 0.0665 | 0.085 |
We find Maximum Drawdown in train and in test are close. The result shows that if we apply this strategy in test set, the maximum loss from the peak is 8.5%.
From the mirror of Sharpe Ratio and Maximum Drawdown we can tell that the performance of strategy is quite consistent in place of extreme loss, and the return per unit risk is also consistent.
We conclude that the derived model is not overfitted and the performance of signal-based strategy is consistent in termns of large loss and returns.