Make new subdirectory for special numbers

[tianyizheng02]

Describe your change:

Created a subdirectory within maths/ called special_numbers/ for algorithms that compute numbers with special properties: perfect numbers, polygonal numbers, Carmichael numbers, etc. This should make it easier to find such files within the maths/ directory.

• Add an algorithm?
• Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
• Add or change doctests? -- Note: Please avoid changing both code and tests in a single pull request.
• Documentation change?

Checklist:

• I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
• This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
• I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
• This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
• All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
• All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
• All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
• All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python type hints.
• All functions have doctests that pass the automated testing.
• All new algorithms include at least one URL that points to Wikipedia or another similar explanation.
• If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the description above includes the issue number(s) with a closing keyword: "Fixes #ISSUE-NUMBER".

[tianyizheng02]

Error: machine_learning/sequential_minimum_optimization.py:457:19: S310 Audit URL open for permitted schemes. Allowing use of `file:` or custom schemes is often unexpected.
Error: Process completed with exit code 1.

The ruff error's not from any of the files I moved...

Update: error fixed

[cclauss]

Nice!