Spec abstract syntax for GC types and instructions (#373)

document/core/syntax/instructions.rst

@@ -415,12 +415,15 @@ Occasionally, it is convenient to group operators together according to the foll
    \end{array}
 
 
-.. index:: ! reference instruction, reference, null
+.. index:: ! reference instruction, reference, null, cast, heap type, reference type
    pair: abstract syntax; instruction
 .. _syntax-ref.null:
 .. _syntax-ref.func:
 .. _syntax-ref.is_null:
 .. _syntax-ref.as_non_null:
+.. _syntax-ref.eq:
+.. _syntax-ref.test:
+.. _syntax-ref.cast:
 .. _syntax-instr-ref:
 
 Reference Instructions
@@ -435,11 +438,102 @@ Instructions in this group are concerned with accessing :ref:`references <syntax
      \REFNULL~\heaptype \\&&|&
      \REFFUNC~\funcidx \\&&|&
      \REFISNULL \\&&|&
-     \REFASNONNULL \\
+     \REFASNONNULL \\&&|&
+     \REFEQ \\&&|&
+     \REFTEST~\reftype \\&&|&
+     \REFCAST~\reftype \\
    \end{array}
 
-The first three of these instruction produce a :ref:`null <syntax-null>` value, produce a reference to a given function, or check for a null value, respectively.
-The |REFASNONNULL| casts a :ref:`nullable <syntax-reftype>` to a non-null one, and :ref:`traps <trap>` if it encounters null.
+The |REFNULL| and |REFFUNC| instructions produce a :ref:`null <syntax-null>` value or a reference to a given function, respectively.
+
+The instruction |REFISNULL| checks for null,
+while |REFASNONNULL| converts a :ref:`nullable <syntax-reftype>` to a non-null one, and :ref:`traps <trap>` if it encounters null.
+
+The |REFEQ| compares two references.
+
+The instructions |REFTEST| and |REFCAST| test the :ref:`dynamic type <syntax-type-dyn>` of a reference operand.
+The former merely returns the result of the test,
+while the latter performs a downcast and :ref:`traps <trap>` if the operand's type does not match.
+
+.. note::
+   The |BR_ON_CAST| and |BR_ON_CAST_FAIL| instructions provides versions of the latter that branch depending on the success of the downcast instead of trapping.
+
+
+.. index:: reference instruction, reference, null, heap type, reference type
+   pair: abstract syntax; instruction
+
+.. _syntax-struct.new:
+.. _syntax-struct.new_default:
+.. _syntax-struct.get:
+.. _syntax-struct.get_s:
+.. _syntax-struct.get_u:
+.. _syntax-struct.set:
+.. _syntax-array.new:
+.. _syntax-array.new_default:
+.. _syntax-array.new_fixed:
+.. _syntax-array.new_data:
+.. _syntax-array.new_elem:
+.. _syntax-array.get:
+.. _syntax-array.get_s:
+.. _syntax-array.get_u:
+.. _syntax-array.set:
+.. _syntax-array.len:
+.. _syntax-i31.new:
+.. _syntax-i31.get_s:
+.. _syntax-i31.get_u:
+.. _syntax-extern.internalize:
+.. _syntax-extern.externalize:
+.. _syntax-instr-struct:
+.. _syntax-instr-array:
+.. _syntax-instr-i31:
+.. _syntax-instr-extern:
+
+Aggregate Instructions
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Instructions in this group are concerned with creating and accessing :ref:`references <syntax-reftype>` to :ref:`aggregate <syntax-type-aggregate>` types.
+
+.. math::
+   \begin{array}{llcl}
+   \production{instruction} & \instr &::=&
+     \dots \\&&|&
+     \STRUCTNEW~\typeidx \\&&|&
+     \STRUCTNEWDEFAULT~\typeidx \\&&|&
+     \STRUCTGET~\typeidx~\u32 \\&&|&
+     \STRUCTGETS~\typeidx~\u32 \\&&|&
+     \STRUCTGETU~\typeidx~\u32 \\&&|&
+     \STRUCTSET~\typeidx~\u32 \\&&|&
+     \ARRAYNEW~\typeidx \\&&|&
+     \ARRAYNEWFIXED~\typeidx~\u32 \\&&|&
+     \ARRAYNEWDEFAULT~\typeidx \\&&|&
+     \ARRAYNEWDATA~\typeidx~\dataidx \\&&|&
+     \ARRAYNEWELEM~\typeidx~\elemidx \\&&|&
+     \ARRAYGET~\typeidx \\&&|&
+     \ARRAYGETS~\typeidx \\&&|&
+     \ARRAYGETU~\typeidx \\&&|&
+     \ARRAYSET~\typeidx \\&&|&
+     \ARRAYLEN \\&&|&
+     \I31NEW \\&&|&
+     \I31GETS \\&&|&
+     \I31GETU \\&&|&
+     \EXTERNINTERNALIZE \\&&|&
+     \EXTERNEXTERNALIZE \\
+   \end{array}
+
+The instructions |STRUCTNEW| and |STRUCTNEWDEFAULT| allocate a new :ref:`structure <syntax-type-struct>`, initializing them either with operands or with default values.
+The remaining instructions on structs access individual fields,
+allowing for different sign extension modes in the case of :ref:`packed <syntax-type-packed>` storage types.
+
+Similarly, :ref:`arrays <syntax-type-array>` can be allocated either with an explicit initialization operand or a default value.
+Furthermore, |ARRAYNEWFIXED| allocates an array with statically fixed size,
+and |ARRAYNEWDATA| and |ARRAYNEWELEM| allocate an array and initialize it from a :ref:`data <syntax-data>` or :ref:`element <syntax-elem>` segement, respectively.
+The remaining array instructions access individual slots,
+again allowing for different sign extension modes in the case of a :ref:`packed <syntax-type-packed>` storage type.
+Last, |ARRAYLEN| produces the length of an array.
+
+The instructions |I31NEW|, |I31GETS|, and |I31GETU| convert between type |I31| and an unboxed :ref:`scalar <syntax-i31>`.
+
+The instructions |EXTERNINTERNALIZE| and |EXTERNEXTERNALIZE| allow lossless conversion between references represented as type :math:`(\REF~\NULL~\EXTERN)`| and as :math:`(\REF~\NULL~\ANY)`.
 
 
 .. index:: ! parametric instruction, value type
@@ -627,6 +721,10 @@ The |DATADROP| instruction prevents further use of a passive data segment. This
 .. _syntax-br:
 .. _syntax-br_if:
 .. _syntax-br_table:
+.. _syntax-br_on_null:
+.. _syntax-br_on_non_null:
+.. _syntax-br_on_cast:
+.. _syntax-br_on_cast_fail:
 .. _syntax-return:
 .. _syntax-call:
 .. _syntax-call_indirect:
@@ -654,6 +752,8 @@ Instructions in this group affect the flow of control.
      \BRTABLE~\vec(\labelidx)~\labelidx \\&&|&
      \BRONNULL~\labelidx \\&&|&
      \BRONNONNULL~\labelidx \\&&|&
+     \BRONCAST~\labelidx~\reftype~\reftype \\&&|&
+     \BRONCASTFAIL~\labelidx~\reftype~\reftype \\&&|&
      \RETURN \\&&|&
      \CALL~\funcidx \\&&|&
      \CALLREF~\typeidx \\&&|&
@@ -697,6 +797,8 @@ Branch instructions come in several flavors:
 |BRIF| performs a conditional branch,
 and |BRTABLE| performs an indirect branch through an operand indexing into the label vector that is an immediate to the instruction, or to a default target if the operand is out of bounds.
 The |BRONNULL| and |BRONNONNULL| instructions check whether a reference operand is :ref:`null <syntax-null>` and branch if that is the case or not the case, respectively.
+Similarly, |BRONCAST| and |BRONCASTFAIL| attempt a downcast on a reference operand and branch if that succeeds, or fails, respectively.
+
 The |RETURN| instruction is a shortcut for an unconditional branch to the outermost block, which implicitly is the body of the current function.
 Taking a branch *unwinds* the operand stack up to the height where the targeted structured control instruction was entered.
 However, branches may additionally consume operands themselves, which they push back on the operand stack after unwinding.

document/core/syntax/types.rst

@@ -73,39 +73,84 @@ Conventions
 
 
 
-.. index:: ! heap type, store, type identifier, ! substitution, ! closed type
+.. index:: ! heap type, store, type identifier, ! substitution, ! closed type, ! abstract type, ! concrete type, ! unboxed scalar
    pair: abstract syntax; heap type
+.. _type-i31:
 .. _type-subst:
 .. _type-closed:
+.. _type-abstract:
+.. _type-concrete:
 .. _syntax-heaptype:
 
 Heap Types
 ~~~~~~~~~~
 
 *Heap types* classify objects in the runtime :ref:`store <store>`.
+There are three disjoint hierarchies of heap types:
+
+- *function types* classify :ref:`functions <syntax-func>`,
+- *aggregate types* classify dynamically allocated *managed* data, such as *structures*, *arrays*, or *unboxed scalars*,
+- *external types* classify *external* references possibly owned by the :ref:`embedder <embedder>`.
+
+The values from the latter two hierarchies are interconvertible by ways of the |EXTERNINTERNALIZE| and |EXTERNINTERNALIZE| instructions.
+That is, both type hierarchies are inhabited by an isomorphic set of values, but may have different, incompatible representations in practice.
 
 .. math::
    \begin{array}{llll}
    \production{heap type} & \heaptype &::=&
-     \FUNC ~|~ \EXTERN ~|~ \typeidx ~|~ \functype ~|~ \BOT \\
+     \FUNC ~|~ \NOFUNC \\&&|&
+     \EXTERN ~|~ \NOEXTERN \\&&|&
+     \ANY ~|~ \EQ ~|~ \I31 ~|~ \STRUCT ~|~ \ARRAY ~|~ \NONE \\&&|&
+     \typeidx ~|~ \deftype ~|~ \BOT \\
    \end{array}
 
-The type |FUNC| denotes the infinite union of all types of :ref:`functions <syntax-func>`, regardless of their concrete :ref:`function types <syntax-functype>`.
+A heap type is either *abstract* or *concrete*.
+
+The abstract type |FUNC| denotes the common supertype of all :ref:`function types <syntax-functype>`, regardless of their concrete definition.
+Dually, the type |NOFUNC| denotes the common subtype of all :ref:`function types <syntax-functype>`, regardless of their concrete definition.
+This type has no values.
+
+The abstract type |EXTERN| denotes the common supertype of all external references received through the :ref:`embedder <embedder>`.
+This type has no concrete subtypes.
+Dually, the type |NOEXTERN| denotes the common subtype of all forms of external references.
+This type has no values.
+
+The abstract type |ANY| denotes the common supertype of all aggregate types, as well as possibly abstract values produced by *internalizing* an external reference of type |EXTERN|.
+Dually, the type |NONE| denotes the common subtype of all forms of aggregate types.
+This type has no values.
+
+The abstract type |EQ| is a subtype of |ANY| that includes all types for which references can be compared, i.e., aggregate values and |I31|.
+
+The abstract types |STRUCT| and |ARRAY| denote the common supertypes of all :ref:`structure <syntax-structtype>` and :ref:`array <syntax-arraytype>` aggregates, respectively.
+
+The abstract type |I31| denotes *unboxed scalars*, that is, integers injected into references.
+Their observable value range is limited to 31 bits.
+
+.. note::
+   An |I31| is not actually allocated in the store,
+   but represented in a way that allows them to be mixed with actual references into the store without ambiguity.
+   Engines need to perform some form of *pointer tagging* to achieve this,
+   which is why 1 bit is reserved.
 
-The type |EXTERN| denotes the infinite union of all objects owned by the :ref:`embedder <embedder>` and that can be passed into WebAssembly under this type.
 
-A *concrete* heap type consists of a :ref:`type index <syntax-typeidx>` and classifies an object of the respective :ref:`type <syntax-type>` defined in some module.
+A concrete heap type consists of a :ref:`type index <syntax-typeidx>` and classifies an object of the respective :ref:`type <syntax-type>` defined in some module.
 
-A concrete heap type can also consist of a :ref:`function type <syntax-functype>` directly.
+A concrete heap type can also consist of a :ref:`defined type <syntax-deftype>` directly.
 However, this form is representable in neither the :ref:`binary format <binary-valtype>` nor the :ref:`text format <text-valtype>`, such that it cannot be used in a program;
 it only occurs during :ref:`validation <valid>` or :ref:`execution <exec>`, as the result of *substituting* a :ref:`type index <syntax-typeidx>` with its definition.
 
-The type :math:`\BOT` is a :ref:`subtype <match-heaptype>` of all other heap types.
+A type of any form is *closed* when it does not contain a heap type that is a :ref:`type index <syntax-typeidx>`,
+i.e., all :ref:`type indices <syntax-typeidx>` have been :ref:`substituted <notation-subst>` with their :ref:`defined type <syntax-deftype>`.
+
+The type :math:`\BOT` is a :ref:`subtype <match-heaptype>` of all heap types.
 By virtue of being representable in neither the :ref:`binary format <binary-valtype>` nor the :ref:`text format <text-valtype>`, it cannot be used in a program;
 it only occurs during :ref:`validation <valid>`, as a part of a possible operand type for instructions.
 
-A type of any form is *closed* when it does not contain a heap type that is a :ref:`type index <syntax-typeidx>`,
-i.e., all :ref:`type indices <syntax-typeidx>` have been :ref:`substituted <notation-subst>` with their :ref:`defined type <syntax-deftype>`.
+.. note::
+   Although the types |NONE|, |NOFUNC|, and |NOEXTERN| are not inhabited by any values,
+   they can be used to form the types of all null :ref:`references <syntax-reftype>` in their respective hierarchy.
+   For example, :math:`(\REF~\NULL~\NOFUNC)` is the generic type of a null reference compatible with all function reference types.
+
 
 .. _notation-subst:
 
@@ -264,6 +309,8 @@ They are also used to classify the inputs and outputs of :ref:`instructions <syn
 Defined Types
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
+.. todo:: structured types, recrusive types, etc.
+
 *Defined types* are the ones that can be defined in a :ref:`module <syntax-module>`, assigning them a :ref:`type index <syntax-typeidx>`.
 
 .. math::

document/core/util/macros.def

@@ -182,8 +182,8 @@
 
 .. |BOT| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-valtype}{\K{bot}}
 
-.. |I8| mathdef:: \xref{exec/runtime}{syntax-storagetype}{\K{i8}}
-.. |I16| mathdef:: \xref{exec/runtime}{syntax-storagetype}{\K{i16}}
+.. |I8| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/runtime}{syntax-storagetype}{\K{i8}}
+.. |I16| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/runtime}{syntax-storagetype}{\K{i16}}
 .. |I32| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-valtype}{\K{i32}}
 .. |I64| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-valtype}{\K{i64}}
 .. |F32| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-valtype}{\K{f32}}
@@ -199,10 +199,30 @@
 
 .. |REF| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-reftype}{\K{ref}}
 .. |NULL| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-reftype}{\K{null}}
+.. |STRUCT| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-heaptype}{\K{struct}}
+.. |ARRAY| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-heaptype}{\K{array}}
 .. |FUNC| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-heaptype}{\K{func}}
 .. |EXTERN| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-heaptype}{\K{extern}}
-.. |FUNCREF| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-heaptype}{\K{funcref}}
-.. |EXTERNREF| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-heaptype}{\K{externref}}
+.. |NONE| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-heaptype}{\K{none}}
+.. |NOFUNC| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-heaptype}{\K{nofunc}}
+.. |NOEXTERN| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-heaptype}{\K{noextern}}
+.. |ANYREF| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-reftype}{\K{anyref}}
+.. |EQREF| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-reftype}{\K{eqref}}
+.. |I31REF| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-reftype}{\K{i31ref}}
+.. |STRUCTREF| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-reftype}{\K{structref}}
+.. |ARRAYREF| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-reftype}{\K{arrayref}}
+.. |FUNCREF| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-reftype}{\K{funcref}}
+.. |EXTERNREF| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-reftype}{\K{externref}}
+.. |NULLREF| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-reftype}{\K{nullref}}
+.. |NULLFUNCREF| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-reftype}{\K{nullfuncref}}
+.. |NULLEXTERNREF| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-reftype}{\K{nullexternref}}
+
+.. |TFUNC| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-strtype}{\K{func}}
+.. |TSTRUCT| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-strtype}{\K{struct}}
+.. |TARRAY| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-strtype}{\K{array}}
+.. |TSUB| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-subtype}{\K{sub}}
+.. |TREC| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-rectype}{\K{rec}}
+.. |TFINAL| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-subtype}{\K{filan}}
 
 .. |MVAR| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-mut}{\K{var}}
 .. |MCONST| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-mut}{\K{const}}
@@ -228,6 +248,12 @@
 .. |valtype| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-valtype}{\X{valtype}}
 .. |resulttype| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-resulttype}{\X{resulttype}}
 .. |functype| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-functype}{\X{functype}}
+.. |structtype| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-structtype}{\X{structtype}}
+.. |arraytype| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-arraytype}{\X{arraytype}}
+.. |fieldtype| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-fieldtype}{\X{fieldtype}}
+.. |strtype| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-strtype}{\X{strtype}}
+.. |subtype| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-subtype}{\X{subtype}}
+.. |rectype| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-rectype}{\X{rectype}}
 .. |deftype| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-deftype}{\X{deftype}}
 
 .. |globaltype| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/types}{syntax-globaltype}{\X{globaltype}}
@@ -383,6 +409,9 @@
 .. |BRTABLE| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-control}{\K{br\_table}}
 .. |BRONNULL| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-control}{\K{br\_on\_null}}
 .. |BRONNONNULL| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-control}{\K{br\_on\_non\_null}}
+.. |BRONCAST| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-control}{\K{br\_on\_cast}}
+.. |BRONCASTFAIL| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-control}{\K{br\_on\_cast\_fail}}
+
 .. |RETURN| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-control}{\K{return}}
 .. |CALL| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-control}{\K{call}}
 .. |CALLREF| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-control}{\K{call\_ref}}
@@ -422,6 +451,34 @@
 .. |REFFUNC| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-ref}{\K{ref.func}}
 .. |REFISNULL| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-ref}{\K{ref.is\_null}}
 .. |REFASNONNULL| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-ref}{\K{ref.as\_non\_null}}
+.. |REFEQ| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-ref}{\K{ref.eq}}
+.. |REFTEST| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-ref}{\K{ref.test}}
+.. |REFCAST| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-ref}{\K{ref.cast}}
+
+.. |STRUCTNEW| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-struct}{\K{struct.new}}
+.. |STRUCTNEWDEFAULT| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-struct}{\K{struct.new\_default}}
+.. |STRUCTGET| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-struct}{\K{struct.get}}
+.. |STRUCTGETS| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-struct}{\K{struct.get\_s}}
+.. |STRUCTGETU| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-struct}{\K{struct.get\_u}}
+.. |STRUCTSET| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-struct}{\K{struct.set}}
+
+.. |ARRAYNEW| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-array}{\K{array.new}}
+.. |ARRAYNEWDEFAULT| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-array}{\K{array.new\_default}}
+.. |ARRAYNEWFIXED| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-array}{\K{array.new\_fixed}}
+.. |ARRAYNEWDATA| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-array}{\K{array.new\_data}}
+.. |ARRAYNEWELEM| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-array}{\K{array.new\_elem}}
+.. |ARRAYGET| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-array}{\K{array.get}}
+.. |ARRAYGETS| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-array}{\K{array.get\_s}}
+.. |ARRAYGETU| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-array}{\K{array.get\_u}}
+.. |ARRAYSET| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-array}{\K{array.set}}
+.. |ARRAYLEN| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-array}{\K{array.len}}
+
+.. |I31NEW| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-i31}{\K{i31.new}}
+.. |I31GETS| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-i31}{\K{i31.get\_s}}
+.. |I31GETU| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-i31}{\K{i31.get\_u}}
+
+.. |EXTERNINTERNALIZE| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-extern}{\K{extern.internalize}}
+.. |EXTERNEXTERNALIZE| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-extern}{\K{extern.externalize}}
 
 .. |CONST| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-numeric}{\K{const}}
 .. |EQZ| mathdef:: \xref{syntax/instructions}{syntax-instr-numeric}{\K{eqz}}

proposals/gc/MVP.md

@@ -750,7 +750,7 @@ The opcode for heap types is encoded as an `s33`.
 | Opcode | Type            | Parameters |
 | ------ | --------------- | ---------- |
 | 0xd5   | `ref.eq`        |            |
-| 0xd6   | `br_on_non_null` | |
+| 0xd6   | `br_on_non_null $l` | `$l : labelidx` |
 | 0xfb01 | `struct.new $t` | `$t : typeidx` |
 | 0xfb02 | `struct.new_default $t` | `$t : typeidx` |
 | 0xfb03 | `struct.get $t i` | `$t : typeidx`, `i : fieldidx` |