GH-33935: [Go][FlightRPC] Implement Flight SQL extensions (#34039)

### Rationale for this change

Bringing the Go implementation of Flight SQL in line with the C++ and Java implementations.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Implementation of Transactions, Save points and more. This includes adding new functions to the Server interface.

### Are these changes tested?
 Yes, by integration testing.

### Are there any user-facing changes?
This is a breaking change as a few methods are simplified to utilize the Client's allocator rather than needing a separate allocator passed in.

* Closes: #33935

Authored-by: Matt Topol <zotthewizard@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Matt Topol <zotthewizard@gmail.com>

.github/workflows/go.yml

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ jobs:
           - go: 1.17
             staticcheck: v0.2.2
           - go: 1.18
-            staticcheck: latest
+            staticcheck: v0.3.3
     env:
       GO: ${{ matrix.go }}
       STATICCHECK: ${{ matrix.staticcheck }}
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ jobs:
           - go: 1.17
             staticcheck: v0.2.2
           - go: 1.18
-            staticcheck: latest
+            staticcheck: v0.3.3
     env:
       GO: ${{ matrix.go }}
       STATICCHECK: ${{ matrix.staticcheck }}
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ jobs:
           - go: 1.17
             staticcheck: v0.2.2
           - go: 1.18
-            staticcheck: latest
+            staticcheck: v0.3.3
     env:
       GO: ${{ matrix.go }}
       STATICCHECK: ${{ matrix.staticcheck }}
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ jobs:
           - go: 1.17
             staticcheck: v0.2.2
           - go: 1.18
-            staticcheck: latest
+            staticcheck: v0.3.3
     steps:
       - name: Checkout Arrow
         uses: actions/checkout@v3
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ jobs:
           - go: 1.17
             staticcheck: v0.2.2
           - go: 1.18
-            staticcheck: latest
+            staticcheck: v0.3.3
     steps:
       - name: Checkout Arrow
         uses: actions/checkout@v3
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ jobs:
           - go: 1.17
             staticcheck: v0.2.2
           - go: 1.18
-            staticcheck: latest
+            staticcheck: v0.3.3
     env:
       ARROW_GO_TESTCGO: "1"
     steps:
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ jobs:
           cache: true
           cache-dependency-path: go/go.sum
       - name: Install staticcheck
-        run: go install honnef.co/go/tools/cmd/staticcheck@latest
+        run: go install honnef.co/go/tools/cmd/staticcheck@v0.3.3
       - name: Build
         shell: bash
         run: ci/scripts/go_build.sh $(pwd)

dev/archery/archery/integration/runner.py

@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ def run_all_tests(with_cpp=True, with_java=True, with_js=True,
         Scenario(
             "flight_sql:extension",
             description="Ensure Flight SQL extensions work as expected.",
-            skip={"Rust", "Go"}
+            skip={"Rust"}
         ),
     ]