GH-33850: [C++] Allow Substrait's default extension provider to be co…

…nfigured (fix) (#34075)

See [this post](#34042 (comment)) for background.
* Closes: #33850

Authored-by: Yaron Gvili <rtpsw@hotmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Weston Pace <weston.pace@gmail.com>

cpp/src/arrow/engine/substrait/options.cc

@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
 #include "arrow/engine/substrait/options.h"
 
 #include <google/protobuf/util/json_util.h>
+#include <mutex>
+
 #include "arrow/compute/exec/asof_join_node.h"
 #include "arrow/compute/exec/options.h"
 #include "arrow/engine/substrait/expression_internal.h"