[C++][Parquet] Improve bounds checking on some inputs

[asfimport]

In some cases we don't check for lower bound of 0, on some non-performance critical paths we only have DCHECKs, and while unlikely in some cases we cast from size_t to int32 which can overflow, adding some safety checks here would be useful.

Reporter: Micah Kornfield / @emkornfield
Assignee: Micah Kornfield / @emkornfield

PRs and other links:

• GitHub Pull Request #14592

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-18253. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[asfimport]

Antoine Pitrou / @pitrou:
Issue resolved by pull request 14592
#14592