[#32601][prism] Initial Deep Dive Documentation

[lostluck]

Add additional, initial, in depth documentation for how Prism executes pipelines, and it's various systems.

See the rendered view for the mermaid diagrams. https://github.com/apache/beam/pull/32143/files?short_path=15906a7#diff-15906a7fc80b5c1ff20d96ba3d8348452e1be358d5ba7e187c3d75776fb1b9f6

Fixes #32601

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[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 59.11%. Comparing base (2f93d8b) to head (3771f1f).
Report is 43 commits behind head on master.

Additional details and impacted files

@@             Coverage Diff              @@
##             master   #32143      +/-   ##
============================================
- Coverage     59.11%   59.11%   -0.01%     
  Complexity     4499     4499              
============================================
  Files          1316     1316              
  Lines        180967   181233     +266     
  Branches       4361     4361              
============================================
+ Hits         106981   107134     +153     
- Misses        70289    70388      +99     
- Partials       3697     3711      +14     

Flag	Coverage Δ
go	34.68% <ø> (+0.07%)	⬆️

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[jrmccluskey]

First pass of review edits

[lostluck]

Thanks for the first pass!

[lostluck]

I'm definitely on the side of Good Enough vs Perfect when it comes to this documentation, and then subsequent changes can be more focused. May I have an estimate on when another pass will occur?

[jrmccluskey]

I will do a quick second pass first thing tomorrow morning, should be sufficient for an approval at that point

[jrmccluskey]

LGTM mod the remaining typos