feat: support alter partition table

[chunshao90]

Rationale

Support for alter schema on partition table.

Detailed Changes

• Support for alter schema on partition table.
• Support for alter options on partition table.
• Notice: Currently, there is no concurrency control in place. If alter schema operations are performed simultaneously on the same partition table, it may result in schema inconsistency issue. Concurrent control for altering schema on partition tables #1247
• Notice: Due to the ability to open partition table on multiple ceresdb nodes, there may be inconsistencies in the schema information maintained in memory. Currently, the approach of cleaning up through errors occurring during writing is relatively rough. Updating schema information for partition table on ceresdb nodes #1248

Test Plan

Manual test and CI.