feat(go): parse main mod version from build info settings

docs/docs/coverage/language/golang.md

@@ -75,16 +75,18 @@ $ trivy rootfs ./your_binary
     It doesn't work with UPX-compressed binaries.
 
 #### Empty versions
-There are times when Go uses the `(devel)` version for modules/dependencies and Trivy can't resolve them:
+There are times when Go uses the `(devel)` version for modules/dependencies.
 
 - Only Go binaries installed using the `go install` command contain correct (semver) version for the main module. 
   In other cases, Go uses the `(devel)` version[^3].
 - Dependencies replaced with local ones use the `(devel)` versions.
 
-In these cases, the version of such packages is empty.
+In the first case, Trivy will attempt to parse any `-ldflags` as a secondary source, and will leave the version
+empty if it cannot do so[^4]. For the second case, the version of such packages is empty.
 
 [^1]: It doesn't require the Internet access.
 [^2]: Need to download modules to local cache beforehand
 [^3]: See https://github.com/aquasecurity/trivy/issues/1837#issuecomment-1832523477
+[^4]: See https://github.com/golang/go/issues/63432#issuecomment-1751610604
 
-[dependency-graph]: ../../configuration/reporting.md#show-origins-of-vulnerable-dependencies
+[dependency-graph]: ../../configuration/reporting.md#show-origins-of-vulnerable-dependencies

pkg/dependency/parser/golang/binary/parse.go

@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
 package binary
 
 import (
+	"cmp"
 	"debug/buildinfo"
+	"runtime/debug"
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
+	"golang.org/x/mod/semver"
 	"golang.org/x/xerrors"
 
 	"github.com/aquasecurity/trivy/pkg/dependency/types"
@@ -48,15 +52,18 @@ func (p *Parser) Parse(r xio.ReadSeekerAt) ([]types.Library, []types.Dependency,
 		return nil, nil, convertError(err)
 	}
 
+	ldflags := p.ldFlags(info.Settings)
 	libs := make([]types.Library, 0, len(info.Deps)+2)
 	libs = append(libs, []types.Library{
 		{
 			// Add main module
 			Name: info.Main.Path,
 			// Only binaries installed with `go install` contain semver version of the main module.
-			// Other binaries use the `(devel)` version.
+			// Other binaries use the `(devel)` version, but still may contain a stamped version
+			// set via `go build -ldflags='-X main.version=<semver>'`, so we fallback to this as.
+			// as a secondary source.
 			// See https://github.com/aquasecurity/trivy/issues/1837#issuecomment-1832523477.
-			Version:      p.checkVersion(info.Main.Path, info.Main.Version),
+			Version:      cmp.Or(p.checkVersion(info.Main.Path, info.Main.Version), p.ParseLDFlags(info.Main.Path, ldflags)),
 			Relationship: types.RelationshipRoot,
 		},
 		{
@@ -93,8 +100,71 @@ func (p *Parser) Parse(r xio.ReadSeekerAt) ([]types.Library, []types.Dependency,
 // checkVersion detects `(devel)` versions, removes them and adds a debug message about it.
 func (p *Parser) checkVersion(name, version string) string {
 	if version == "(devel)" {
-		p.logger.Debug("Unable to detect dependency version (`(devel)` is used). Version will be empty.", log.String("dependency", name))
+		p.logger.Debug("Unable to detect main module's dependency version - `(devel)` is used", log.String("dependency", name))
 		return ""
 	}
 	return version
 }
+
+func (p *Parser) ldFlags(settings []debug.BuildSetting) []string {
+	for _, setting := range settings {
+		if setting.Key != "-ldflags" {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		return strings.Fields(setting.Value)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ParseLDFlags attempts to parse the binary's version from any `-ldflags` passed to `go build` at build time.
+func (p *Parser) ParseLDFlags(name string, flags []string) string {
+	p.logger.Debug("Parsing dependency's build info settings", "dependency", name, "-ldflags", flags)
+	fset := pflag.NewFlagSet("ldflags", pflag.ContinueOnError)
+	// This prevents the flag set from erroring out if other flags were provided.
+	// This helps keep the implementation small, so that only the -X flag is needed.
+	fset.ParseErrorsWhitelist.UnknownFlags = true
+	// The shorthand name is needed here because setting the full name
+	// to `X` will cause the flag set to look for `--X` instead of `-X`.
+	// The flag can also be set multiple times, so a string slice is needed
+	// to handle that edge case.
+	var x map[string]string
+	fset.StringToStringVarP(&x, "", "X", nil, "")
+	if err := fset.Parse(flags); err != nil {
+		p.logger.Error("Could not parse -ldflags found in build info", log.Err(err))
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	for key, val := range x {
+		// It's valid to set the -X flags with quotes so we trim any that might
+		// have been provided: Ex:
+		//
+		// -X main.version=1.0.0
+		// -X=main.version=1.0.0
+		// -X 'main.version=1.0.0'
+		// -X='main.version=1.0.0'
+		// -X="main.version=1.0.0"
+		// -X "main.version=1.0.0"
+		key = strings.TrimLeft(key, `'`)
+		val = strings.TrimRight(val, `'`)
+		if isValidXKey(key) && isValidSemVer(val) {
+			return val
+		}
+	}
+
+	p.logger.Debug("Unable to detect dependency version used in `-ldflags` build info settings. Empty version used.", log.String("dependency", name))
+	return ""
+}
+
+func isValidXKey(key string) bool {
+	key = strings.ToLower(key)
+	// The check for a 'ver' prefix enables the parser to pick up Trivy's own version value that's set.
+	return strings.HasSuffix(key, "version") || strings.HasSuffix(key, "ver")
+}
+
+func isValidSemVer(ver string) bool {
+	// semver.IsValid strictly checks for the v prefix so prepending 'v'
+	// here and checking validity again increases the chances that we
+	// parse a valid semver version.
+	return semver.IsValid(ver) || semver.IsValid("v"+ver)
+}

pkg/dependency/parser/golang/binary/parse_test.go

@@ -98,6 +98,22 @@ func TestParse(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 			},
 		},
+		{
+			name:      "with -ldflags=\"-X main.version=v1.0.0\"",
+			inputFile: "testdata/main-version-via-ldflags.elf",
+			want: []types.Library{
+				{
+					Name:         "github.com/aquasecurity/test",
+					Version:      "v1.0.0",
+					Relationship: types.RelationshipRoot,
+				},
+				{
+					Name:         "stdlib",
+					Version:      "1.22.1",
+					Relationship: types.RelationshipDirect,
+				},
+			},
+		},
 		{
 			name:      "sad path",
 			inputFile: "testdata/dummy",
@@ -122,3 +138,108 @@ func TestParse(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestParser_ParseLDFlags(t *testing.T) {
+	type args struct {
+		name  string
+		flags []string
+	}
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		args args
+		want string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "with version suffix",
+			args: args{
+				name: "github.com/aquasecurity/trivy",
+				flags: []string{
+					"-s",
+					"-w",
+					"-X=foo=bar",
+					"-X='github.com/aquasecurity/trivy/pkg/version.version=v0.50.1'",
+				},
+			},
+			want: "v0.50.1",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "with version suffix titlecased",
+			args: args{
+				name: "github.com/aquasecurity/trivy",
+				flags: []string{
+					"-s",
+					"-w",
+					"-X=foo=bar",
+					"-X='github.com/aquasecurity/trivy/pkg/version.Version=v0.50.1'",
+				},
+			},
+			want: "v0.50.1",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "with ver suffix",
+			args: args{
+				name: "github.com/aquasecurity/trivy",
+				flags: []string{
+					"-s",
+					"-w",
+					"-X=foo=bar",
+					"-X='github.com/aquasecurity/trivy/pkg/version.ver=v0.50.1'",
+				},
+			},
+			want: "v0.50.1",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "with ver suffix titlecased",
+			args: args{
+				name: "github.com/aquasecurity/trivy",
+				flags: []string{
+					"-s",
+					"-w",
+					"-X=foo=bar",
+					"-X='github.com/aquasecurity/trivy/pkg/version.Ver=v0.50.1'",
+				},
+			},
+			want: "v0.50.1",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "with double quoted flag",
+			args: args{
+				name: "github.com/aquasecurity/trivy",
+				flags: []string{
+					"-s",
+					"-w",
+					"-X=foo=bar",
+					"-X=\"github.com/aquasecurity/trivy/pkg/version.Ver=0.50.1\"",
+				},
+			},
+			want: "0.50.1",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "with semver version without v prefix",
+			args: args{
+				name: "github.com/aquasecurity/trivy",
+				flags: []string{
+					"-s",
+					"-w",
+					"-X=foo=bar",
+					"-X='github.com/aquasecurity/trivy/pkg/version.Ver=0.50.1'",
+				},
+			},
+			want: "0.50.1",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "with no flags",
+			args: args{
+				name:  "github.com/aquasecurity/test",
+				flags: []string{},
+			},
+			want: "",
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			p := binary.NewParser().(*binary.Parser)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.want, p.ParseLDFlags(tt.args.name, tt.args.flags))
+		})
+	}
+}