Add support for Python installed from Windows Store (#2122)

## Summary

After #2121, the only remaining
issue is that calling `canonicalize` on these Pythons returns an error.

Closes #2105.

## Test Plan

Uninstalled all python.org Pythons on my Windows machine, then created a
virtualenv. The resulting config file:

```
Using Python 3.11.8 interpreter at: C:\Users\crmar\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.11_qbz5n2kfra8p0\python.exe
Creating virtualenv at: .venv
Activate with: .venv\Scripts\activate
PS C:\Users\crmar\workspace\puffin> cat .\.venv\pyvenv.cfg
home = C:\Users\crmar\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.11_qbz5n2kfra8p0
implementation = CPython
version_info = 3.11.8
include-system-site-packages = false
uv = 0.1.13
prompt = puffin
```

Prior to this PR, it would fail with a canonicalization error.

Prior to #2121, it would leave a "bad" Python in the config file:

```
Using Python 3.11.8 interpreter at: C:\Users\crmar\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.11_qbz5n2kfra8p0\python.exe
Creating virtualenv at: .venv
Activate with: .venv\Scripts\activate
PS C:\Users\crmar\workspace\puffin> cat .\.venv\pyvenv.cfg
home = C:\Program Files\WindowsApps\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.11_3.11.2288.0_x64__qbz5n2kfra8p0
implementation = CPython
version_info = 3.11.8
include-system-site-packages = false
uv = 0.1.13
prompt = puffin
```

Which, once activated, would fail with:

```
(venv) PS C:\Users\crmar\workspace\puffin> python
No Python at '"C:\Users\crmar\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python312\python.exe'
```

crates/uv-fs/src/path.rs

@@ -76,6 +76,75 @@ pub fn normalize_path(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> PathBuf {
     ret
 }
 
+/// Like `fs_err::canonicalize`, but with permissive failures on Windows.
+///
+/// On Windows, we can't canonicalize the resolved path to Pythons that are installed via the
+/// Windows Store. For example, if you install Python via the Windows Store, then run `python`
+/// and print the `sys.executable` path, you'll get a path like:
+///
+///     `C:\Users\crmar\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.11_qbs5n2kfra8p0\python.exe`.
+///
+/// Attempting to canonicalize this path will fail with `ErrorKind::Uncategorized`.
+pub fn canonicalize_executable(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> std::io::Result<PathBuf> {
+    let path = path.as_ref();
+    if is_windows_store_python(path) {
+        Ok(path.to_path_buf())
+    } else {
+        fs_err::canonicalize(path)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns `true` if this is a Python executable installed via the Windows Store, like:
+///
+///     `C:\Users\crmar\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.11_qbs5n2kfra8p0\python.exe`.
+fn is_windows_store_python(path: &Path) -> bool {
+    if !cfg!(windows) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if !path.is_absolute() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    let mut components = path.components().rev();
+
+    // Ex) `python.exe`
+    if !components
+        .next()
+        .and_then(|component| component.as_os_str().to_str())
+        .is_some_and(|component| component.starts_with("python"))
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // Ex) `PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.11_qbs5n2kfra8p0`
+    if !components
+        .next()
+        .and_then(|component| component.as_os_str().to_str())
+        .is_some_and(|component| component.starts_with("PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3."))
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // Ex) `WindowsApps`
+    if !components
+        .next()
+        .is_some_and(|component| component.as_os_str() == "WindowsApps")
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // Ex) `Microsoft`
+    if !components
+        .next()
+        .is_some_and(|component| component.as_os_str() == "Microsoft")
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    true
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;

crates/uv-interpreter/src/interpreter.rs

@@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ impl InterpreterInfo {
             format!("{}.msgpack", digest(&executable_bytes)),
         );
 
-        let modified = Timestamp::from_path(fs_err::canonicalize(executable)?)?;
+        let modified = Timestamp::from_path(uv_fs::canonicalize_executable(executable)?)?;
 
         // Read from the cache.
         if cache

crates/uv-virtualenv/src/bare.rs

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ pub fn create_bare_venv(
     let base_python = if cfg!(unix) {
         // On Unix, follow symlinks to resolve the base interpreter, since the Python executable in
         // a virtual environment is a symlink to the base interpreter.
-        fs_err::canonicalize(interpreter.sys_executable())?
+        uv_fs::canonicalize_executable(interpreter.sys_executable())?
     } else if cfg!(windows) {
         // On Windows, follow `virtualenv`. If we're in a virtual environment, use
         // `sys._base_executable` if it exists; if not, use `sys.base_prefix`. For example, with
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ pub fn create_bare_venv(
                 interpreter.base_prefix().join("python.exe")
             }
         } else {
-            fs_err::canonicalize(interpreter.sys_executable())?
+            uv_fs::canonicalize_executable(interpreter.sys_executable())?
         }
     } else {
         unimplemented!("Only Windows and Unix are supported")