Enhancement: Catch negative edge weights in tree-version dijkstra

[joweich]

Complementary to #67.

Note that I again used std::format, which I see to be removed in the whole codebase in a follow-up PR.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Patch coverage: 100.00% and no project coverage change.

Comparison is base (bbd7e90) 99.73% compared to head (e85b94d) 99.74%.
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main      #71   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   99.73%   99.74%           
=======================================
  Files          23       23           
  Lines        1149     1158    +9     
=======================================
+ Hits         1146     1155    +9     
  Misses          3        3           

Files Changed	Coverage Δ
include/graaflib/algorithm/shortest_path.tpp	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
test/graaflib/algorithm/shortest_path_test.cpp	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)

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[bobluppes]

Nice, thank you!

I have created #72 to keep track of removing fmt. Feel free to pick it up if you want to, otherwise I can take a look next week.