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| export const SITE_TITLE = "MMP" | ||
| export const SITE_DESCRIPTION = "Mesoamerican Migration Project" | ||
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| export const LINKS = ["people", "news", "publications", "map", "data", "documentation"] |
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| --- | ||
| title: "174" | ||
| image: /public/images/MMP_Map.jpg | ||
| --- |
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| --- | ||
| import Layout from "../layouts/Layout.astro" | ||
| import CircleIcon from "../components/svg/Circle" | ||
| import { ReaderIcon } from "@radix-ui/react-icons" | ||
| --- | ||
|
|
||
| <Layout title="Documentation" description="About the Project"> | ||
| <div class="space-y-10"> | ||
| <section class="space-y-4 readable"> | ||
| <h2 class="mb-8">Selecting Communities</h2> | ||
| <p> | ||
| The process of selecting communities for the Mexican Migration has traditionally relied on | ||
| anthropological methods. Communities are chosen after a personal reconnaissance of the | ||
| geographic area to be studied by the principal investigators. Because the project initially | ||
| focused on Western Mexico, the traditional heartland for migration to the United States, | ||
| practically all of the earliest communities had significant indices of out-migration, which | ||
| could easily be detected using field interviews and simple observations of the frequency of | ||
| new homes, foreign license plates, currency exchanges, and international courier services. | ||
| </p> | ||
| <div> | ||
| <p> | ||
| Until 2000, we lacked access to a valid measure to indicate the intensity of emigration | ||
| from specific municipalities and the only measure indicating migration was the sex ratio. | ||
| The only demographic fact regularly considered was the community's sex ratio, which offer | ||
| general picture of the intensity of the process of international migration because in | ||
| Mexico emigration is so heavily male. After an initial round of fieldwork, investigators | ||
| compared their preliminary data with census statistics and formation available from | ||
| bibliographic sources. However, the MMP has never explicitly sought to survey only | ||
| communities with high rates of out-migration. Investigators simply seek to corroborate | ||
| that there is some migration from the community in question before proceeding. Then they | ||
| select four specific locations to represent each of four levels of urbanization: | ||
| </p> | ||
|
|
||
| <div class="gap-4 px-10 py-6 md:grid-cols-2 md:grid"> | ||
| <div> | ||
| <div class="flex items-center"> | ||
| <CircleIcon styling="fill-secondary-blue-500" /> | ||
| <p class="font-semibold px-2">Ranchos</p> | ||
| </div> | ||
|
|
||
| <p class="italic px-2">fewer than 2,500 inhabitants</p> | ||
| </div> | ||
| <div> | ||
| <div class="flex items-center"> | ||
| <CircleIcon styling="fill-primary-500" /> | ||
| <p class="font-semibold px-2">Pueblos (Towns)</p> | ||
| </div> | ||
|
|
||
| <p class="italic px-2">2,500 to 10,000 inhabitants</p> | ||
| </div> | ||
| <div> | ||
| <div class="flex items-center"> | ||
| <CircleIcon styling="fill-secondary-brown-500" /> | ||
| <p class="font-semibold px-2">Mid-sized Cities</p> | ||
| </div> | ||
|
|
||
| <p class="italic px-2">10,000 to 100,000 inhabitants</p> | ||
| </div> | ||
| <div> | ||
| <div class="flex items-center"> | ||
| <CircleIcon styling="fill-secondary-blue-700" /> | ||
| <p class="font-semibold px-2">Large City</p> | ||
| </div> | ||
|
|
||
| <p class="italic px-2"> | ||
| usually a particular neighborhood within in a state's capital city | ||
| </p> | ||
| </div> | ||
| </div> | ||
| </div> | ||
| <p> | ||
| In the pueblos and ranchos, investigators conduct a complete census of dwellings and | ||
| undertake random selection from the resulting list. In mid-sized cities and urban | ||
| metropolises, investigators generally chose a traditional, well-established neighborhood–one | ||
| not dominated by recent rural-urban migrants. As a result, the urban samples are in reality | ||
| samples of urban neighborhoods or specifically demarcated quarters. In all cases, the | ||
| neighborhood must have at least 1,200 enumerated dwellings, from which a random sample of | ||
| 200 is taken. | ||
| </p> | ||
| <p> | ||
| The methodology of the MMP thus yields results with a high degree of representativeness at | ||
| the community level, and in some of the smaller pueblos and ranchos investigators have been | ||
| able to survey every household in the community. Given that the sample is not targeted to | ||
| migrants per se, but surveys the community as a whole, the project needs a fairly large | ||
| sample size to generate a significant number of migrants. Traditional methods of cluster | ||
| sampling generally survey small numbers of respondents across a large number of areas, but | ||
| this generally yields small numbers of migrants to study an inability to make | ||
| generalizations at the community level. For example, rather than interviewing 20 households | ||
| in five communities we interview 100 households in one community, thereby enabling us to | ||
| make generalizations about migratory processes at the community level. If the frequency of | ||
| migration is 30%, on average the surveys would contain only six migrants in each of the five | ||
| communities, rather than 30 migrants in one community. | ||
| </p> | ||
| <p> | ||
| At present we are able to draw upon an index of migratory developed for municipalities in | ||
| Mexico’s National Population Council (CONAPO) based on the 2000 and 2010 census. This index | ||
| provides reliable information about the level of U.S. migration prevailing at the municipal | ||
| level and is particularly useful in identifying new communities of origin for migrants in | ||
| new sending states, where heretofore little information has been available. In sum, after 25 | ||
| years of field experience, the MMP continues to use anthropological criteria for selecting | ||
| communities, which are then corroborated with available data from the census and other | ||
| sources to confirm the existence of migrants before making the final selection. | ||
| </p> | ||
| </section> | ||
| <section class="space-y-4 readable"> | ||
| <h2 class="mb-8">Ethnosurvey</h2> | ||
| <p> | ||
| The Ethnosurvey is eclectic and draws on methods and approaches well-known in sociology, | ||
| anthropology, psychology, and education. Its contribution and complexity lies in the way all | ||
| these methods are combined within a single study. The main idea for the Ethnosurvey is “to | ||
| complement qualitative and quantitative procedures, so one's weakenesses become the other's | ||
| strength, yielding a body of data with greater reliability and more internal validity than | ||
| is possible to achieve using either method alone.” (Massey 1987). | ||
| </p> | ||
| <p> | ||
| The Ethnosurvey contains a series of tables that are organized around a particular topic, | ||
| giving coherence to the “conversation”. It follows a semi structured format to generate an | ||
| interview schedule that is flexible, unobtrusive and non-threatening. It requires that | ||
| identical information be obtained for each person, but questions, wording and ordering are | ||
| not fixed. The precise phrasing and timing of each query is left to the judgment of the | ||
| interviewer, depending on circumstances. | ||
| </p> | ||
| <p> | ||
| In addition, the Ethnosurvey is explicitly designed to provide quantitative data for | ||
| multi-level analysis by compiling data at the individual, household, and community levels. | ||
| Detailed community-level data are compiled at the time of the survey by the fieldwork | ||
| supervisor; these data are of great help to interpret the socioeconomic context within which | ||
| individuals and households interact (Massey 1987). This small questionnaire is referred to | ||
| as the Community Data Inventory. | ||
| </p> | ||
| </section> | ||
| <section class="space-y-4 readable"> | ||
| <h2 class="mb-8">Interview Process</h2> | ||
| <p> | ||
| The questionnaires are applied in three phases. In the first phase, basic social and | ||
| demographic data are collected from all members of the household. The interview begins by | ||
| identifying the household head and systematically enumerating the spouse and children, | ||
| beginning with the oldest. All children of the head are listed on the questionnaire whether | ||
| or not they live at home, but if a son or daughter is a member of another household, this | ||
| fact is recorded. A child is considered to be living in a separate household if he or she is | ||
| married, maintains a separate house or kitchen, and organizes expenses separately. After | ||
| listing the head, spouse, and children, other household members are identified and their | ||
| relationship to the head clarified. | ||
| </p> | ||
| <div class="space-y-4 px-12"> | ||
| <div> | ||
| <div class="flex items-center mb-2 gap-2"> | ||
| <CircleIcon width={20} height={20} styling="fill-primary-500" /> | ||
| <h3 class="text-primary-500 font-semibold">Phase 1</h3> | ||
| </div> | ||
| <p> | ||
| A particularly important task in the first phase of the questionnaire is the | ||
| identification of people with prior migrant experience in either the United States or | ||
| Mexico. For those individuals with migrant experience the interviewer records the total | ||
| number of U.S. trips, as well as information about the first and most recent U.S. trips, | ||
| including the year, duration, destination, U.S. occupation, legal status, and hourly | ||
| wage. This exercise is then repeated for first and most recent migrations within Mexico. | ||
| </p> | ||
| </div> | ||
| <div> | ||
| <div class="flex items-center gap-2 mb-2"> | ||
| <CircleIcon width={20} height={20} styling="fill-secondary-blue-500" /> | ||
| <h3 class="text-secondary-blue-500 font-semibold">Phase 2</h3> | ||
| </div> | ||
| <p> | ||
| The second phase of the ethnosurvey questionnaire compiles a year-by-year life history | ||
| for all household heads, including a childbearing history, a property history, a housing | ||
| history, a business history, and a labor history. The goal of this phase is to capture | ||
| occupational mobility, health status, migration history, and family formation. | ||
| </p> | ||
| </div> | ||
| <div> | ||
| <div class="flex items-center gap-2 mb-2"> | ||
| <CircleIcon width={20} height={20} styling="fill-secondary-brown-500" /> | ||
| <h3 class="text-secondary-brown-500 font-semibold">Phase 3</h3> | ||
| </div> | ||
| <p> | ||
| The third and final phase of the questionnaire gathers information about the household | ||
| head's experiences on his or her most recent trip to the United States, including the | ||
| mode of border-crossing, the kind and number of accompanying relatives, the kind and | ||
| number of relatives already present in the United States, the number of social ties that | ||
| had been formed with U.S. citizens, English language ability, job characteristics, and | ||
| use of U.S. social services. | ||
| </p> | ||
| </div> | ||
| </div> | ||
| </section> | ||
| <section class="space-y-8 readable"> | ||
| <h2 class="mb-8">Data Coding/Weights</h2> | ||
| <div class="space-y-4"> | ||
| <h3 class="font-semibold mb-6">Data Coding and File Construction</h3> | ||
| <p> | ||
| After the ethnosurvey questionnaires are completed and revised, data are entered in | ||
| Mexico. The entry programs perform initial screening, range checks, and simple tests for | ||
| logical consistency. The preliminary files are then transferred to Princeton University, | ||
| where additional data cleaning is performed, numeric codes are assigned to occupations and | ||
| places, and the final data sets are assembled into six primary data files, each providing | ||
| a unique perspective of Mexican migrants, their families, and their experiences. SIX | ||
| primary files have been created, each corresponding to a different unit of analysis: PERS, | ||
| MIG, MIGOTHER, HOUSE, LIFE and SPOUSE. Data at the community level have been compiled in | ||
| the file: COMMUN. | ||
| </p> | ||
| </div> | ||
| <div class="space-y-4"> | ||
| <h3 class="font-semibold mb-6">Weights</h3> | ||
| <p> | ||
| The MMP database provides community- and sample-specific weights. For each community, you | ||
| will see a single weight for all the households in the home country sample and another | ||
| weight for all the households in the US sample. | ||
| </p> | ||
| <p> | ||
| When working with pooled data from multiple communities, these weights give you the option | ||
| to adjust your estimates in order to take into account the relative sizes of all the | ||
| sampling frames. Whether you will need to weight your estimates or not will depend on what | ||
| your goal is. | ||
| </p> | ||
| </div> | ||
| </section> | ||
| </div> | ||
| <a | ||
| href="/study-design" | ||
| class="flex gap-2 items-end text-primary-500 decoration-primary-500 font-bold mt-6 mb-10" | ||
| > | ||
| <ReaderIcon width="24" height="24" /> | ||
| <span> Read the study design </span> | ||
| </a> | ||
| </Layout> |
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