✨ Adopt PEP 735 dependency groups

[burgholzer]

Description

This PR updates the project to use the dependency groups feature that was proposed in PEP 735 and is available in uv since 0.4.27 in favour of optional dependencies.
It adds three explicit dependency groups:

• build, containing the build time dependencies,
• test, containing the test dependencies (including coverage), and
• docs, containing the docs dependencies.

In addition,

• enables testing on Python 3.13 (after some dependency adjustments),
• updates lower bounds for many development dependencies, and
• refactors the nox sessions to take advantage of the new dependency groups.

Checklist:

• The pull request only contains commits that are related to it.
• I have added appropriate tests and documentation.
• I have made sure that all CI jobs on GitHub pass.
• The pull request introduces no new warnings and follows the project's style guidelines.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 92.1%. Comparing base (be0f044) to head (e314f1a).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@          Coverage Diff          @@
##            main    #762   +/-   ##
=====================================
  Coverage   92.1%   92.1%           
=====================================
  Files        125     125           
  Lines      13775   13775           
  Branches    2160    2160           
=====================================
  Hits       12690   12690           
  Misses      1085    1085           

Flag	Coverage Δ		*Carryforward flag
cpp	91.8% <ø> (ø)		Carriedforward from b2a2f74
python	99.7% <100.0%> (ø)

*This pull request uses carry forward flags. Click here to find out more.

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
src/mqt/core/__init__.py	100.0% <100.0%> (ø)