♻️ Refactor QASM import functionality and remove deprecated formats

[burgholzer]

Description

This pull request refactors the QASM import functionality by encapsulating the QASM parser into its own dedicated library, MQT::CoreQASM. This change removes the import functionality from the QuantumComputation class, improving modularity and maintainability. Additionally, deprecated formats have been removed, streamlining the codebase.

Notably, this removes support for parsing .real files. Corresponding support is expected to be integrated into the MQT SyReC Synthesizer at https://github.com/cda-tum/mqt-syrec.

Checklist:

• The pull request only contains commits that are related to it.
• I have added appropriate tests and documentation.
• I have made sure that all CI jobs on GitHub pass.
• The pull request introduces no new warnings and follows the project's style guidelines.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 92.48879% with 67 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 92.4%. Comparing base (8b25b61) to head (e7a8e15).
Report is 11 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
src/qasm3/Importer.cpp	90.8%	42 Missing ⚠️
src/qasm3/passes/ConstEvalPass.cpp	75.7%	8 Missing ⚠️
src/qasm3/Token.cpp	98.1%	5 Missing ⚠️
src/qasm3/Parser.cpp	90.0%	4 Missing ⚠️
src/qasm3/Scanner.cpp	69.2%	4 Missing ⚠️
src/qasm3/Statement.cpp	95.2%	2 Missing ⚠️
src/qasm3/passes/TypeCheckPass.cpp	83.3%	2 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##            main    #822     +/-   ##
=======================================
+ Coverage   91.8%   92.4%   +0.5%     
=======================================
  Files        129     126      -3     
  Lines      14157   13257    -900     
  Branches    2208    2033    -175     
=======================================
- Hits       13009   12251    -758     
+ Misses      1148    1006    -142     

Flag	Coverage Δ
cpp	92.1% <92.4%> (+0.5%)	⬆️
python	99.7% <100.0%> (ø)

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
include/mqt-core/Definitions.hpp	76.4% <ø> (ø)
include/mqt-core/ir/QuantumComputation.hpp	100.0% <100.0%> (ø)
include/mqt-core/qasm3/Exception.hpp	53.8% <ø> (ø)
include/mqt-core/qasm3/Gate.hpp	100.0% <ø> (ø)
include/mqt-core/qasm3/InstVisitor.hpp	81.0% <ø> (ø)
include/mqt-core/qasm3/NestedEnvironment.hpp	100.0% <ø> (ø)
include/mqt-core/qasm3/Parser.hpp	100.0% <100.0%> (ø)
include/mqt-core/qasm3/Scanner.hpp	100.0% <ø> (ø)
include/mqt-core/qasm3/Statement.hpp	90.3% <100.0%> (ø)
include/mqt-core/qasm3/Token.hpp	100.0% <100.0%> (ø)
... and 15 more

... and 3 files with indirect coverage changes