✨ Adopt uv in CI

[burgholzer]

Description

This PR updates the CI configuration to use uv by Astral (the creators of ruff), which is an extremely fast Python package installer and resolver, written in Rust. It is sesigned as a drop-in replacement for common pip and pip-tools workflows.
See https://github.com/astral-sh/uv

Similar to ruff, it is extremely fast and in very active development. This should speed up any of the Python-based CI runs without much confirguration overhead.

This PR refactors the minimums check to make use of uv's --resolution=lowest-direct" feature. This allows us to completely get rid of the constraints.txtfile. Furthermore, it makes use of the new versions ofmqt-core`'s reusable workflows.

Checklist:

• The pull request only contains commits that are related to it.
• I have added appropriate tests and documentation.
• I have made sure that all CI jobs on GitHub pass.
• The pull request introduces no new warnings and follows the project's style guidelines.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 92.6%. Comparing base (d1bcc8f) to head (3c3ef89).

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##            main    #368     +/-   ##
=======================================
- Coverage   92.8%   92.6%   -0.2%     
=======================================
  Files         37      37             
  Lines       2552    2552             
  Branches     309     309             
=======================================
- Hits        2369    2365      -4     
- Misses       183     187      +4     

Flag	Coverage Δ
cpp	94.5% <ø> (-0.3%)	⬇️
python	87.7% <ø> (ø)

see 2 files with indirect coverage changes