♻️ Modernize Packaging and CI

[burgholzer]

Description

This PR brings the project much closer to the current best practices across the MQT and unbricks CI again.

Checklist:

• The pull request only contains commits that are related to it.
• I have added appropriate tests and documentation.
• I have made sure that all CI jobs on GitHub pass.
• The pull request introduces no new warnings and follows the project's style guidelines.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: 2 lines in your changes are missing coverage. Please review.

Comparison is base (222c3a7) 0.0% compared to head (83c89d2) 86.1%.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##           main    #183      +/-   ##
=======================================
+ Coverage      0   86.1%   +86.1%     
=======================================
  Files         0      33      +33     
  Lines         0    2736    +2736     
  Branches      0     491     +491     
=======================================
+ Hits          0    2356    +2356     
- Misses        0     210     +210     
- Partials      0     170     +170     

Flag	Coverage Δ
cpp	86.1% <92.8%> (?)

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Files	Coverage Δ
...rc/algorithms/simulation/circuit_to_truthtable.cpp	95.4% <100.0%> (ø)
src/algorithms/synthesis/dd_synthesis.cpp	92.9% <92.5%> (ø)

... and 31 files with indirect coverage changes

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[github-actions]

Cpp-Linter Report ✔️

No problems need attention.

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