opt: join reordering can produce incorrect query plans

[mgartner]

Join reordering can produce query plans where filters in the original plan are missing, causing incorrect query results.

Below is a reproduction of the issue. Notice that the t2.should_not_be_eliminated = t5.should_not_be_eliminated filter is missing from the final query plan.

exec-ddl
CREATE TABLE t1 (
	a INT NOT NULL,
	b INT NOT NULL,
	PRIMARY KEY (a ASC, b ASC)
)
----

exec-ddl
CREATE TABLE t2 (
	a INT NOT NULL,
	c INT,
	should_not_be_eliminated INT,
	PRIMARY KEY (a ASC)
);
----

exec-ddl
CREATE TABLE t3 (
	a INT NOT NULL,
	d INT NOT NULL,
	PRIMARY KEY (a ASC, d ASC)
);
----

exec-ddl
CREATE TABLE t4 (
	e INT NOT NULL,
	f INT,
	g INT,
	PRIMARY KEY (e ASC)
);
----

exec-ddl
CREATE TABLE t5 (
	h INT NOT NULL,
	f INT NOT NULL,
	g INT NOT NULL,
	b INT,
	should_not_be_eliminated INT,
	c INT,
	PRIMARY KEY (h ASC, f ASC, g ASC)
);
----

# Give t1 many rows where a has many distincts.
exec-ddl
ALTER TABLE t1 INJECT STATISTICS '[
    {
        "columns": [
            "a"
        ],
        "created_at": "2022-01-17 12:51:38.433911",
        "distinct_count": 9161427,
        "null_count": 0,
        "row_count": 44484238
    }
]';
----

# Give t2 many rows where a has many distincts.
exec-ddl
ALTER TABLE t2 INJECT STATISTICS '[
    {
        "columns": [
            "a"
        ],
        "created_at": "2022-01-17 12:51:38.433911",
        "distinct_count": 17014025,
        "null_count": 0,
        "row_count": 17024553
    }
]';
----

# Give t3 many rows where a has many distincts.
exec-ddl
ALTER TABLE t3 INJECT STATISTICS '[
    {
        "columns": [
            "a"
        ],
        "created_at": "2022-01-17 12:51:38.433911",
        "distinct_count": 17187349,
        "null_count": 0,
        "row_count": 18138540
    }
]';
----

# Give t4 many rows where e has many distincts.
exec-ddl
ALTER TABLE t4 INJECT STATISTICS '[
    {
        "columns": [
            "e"
        ],
        "created_at": "2022-01-17 12:51:38.433911",
        "distinct_count": 346919,
        "null_count": 0,
        "row_count": 346109
    }
]';
----

# Give t5 few rows.
exec-ddl
ALTER TABLE t5 INJECT STATISTICS '[
    {
        "columns": [
            "h"
        ],
        "created_at": "2022-01-17 12:51:38.433911",
        "distinct_count": 119,
        "null_count": 0,
        "row_count": 119
    }
]';
----

# Notice that some of the filters are missing entirely:
#
#   t5.c = t2.c
#   t2.should_not_be_eliminated = t5.should_not_be_eliminated
#
opt
SELECT
  t2.a
FROM
  t1
  INNER JOIN t2 ON t1.a = t2.a
  INNER JOIN t3 ON t1.a = t3.a
  INNER JOIN t4 ON t3.d = t4.e
  INNER JOIN t5 ON
      t4.f = t5.f
      AND t4.g = t5.g
      AND t5.b = t1.b
      AND t5.c = t2.c
WHERE
  t1.a = 123456 AND t2.should_not_be_eliminated = t5.should_not_be_eliminated;
----
project
 ├── columns: a:5!null
 └── inner-join (lookup t1)
      ├── columns: t1.a:1!null t1.b:2!null t2.a:5!null t2.c:6!null t2.should_not_be_eliminated:7!null t3.a:10!null d:11!null e:14!null t4.f:15!null t4.g:16!null t5.f:20!null t5.g:21!null t5.b:22!null t5.should_not_be_eliminated:23!null t5.c:24!null
      ├── key columns: [5 22] = [1 2]
      ├── lookup columns are key
      ├── inner-join (lookup t2)
      │    ├── columns: t2.a:5!null t2.c:6 t2.should_not_be_eliminated:7 t3.a:10!null d:11!null e:14!null t4.f:15!null t4.g:16!null t5.f:20!null t5.g:21!null t5.b:22 t5.should_not_be_eliminated:23 t5.c:24
      │    ├── key columns: [10] = [5]
      │    ├── lookup columns are key
      │    ├── inner-join (hash)
      │    │    ├── columns: t3.a:10!null d:11!null e:14!null t4.f:15!null t4.g:16!null t5.f:20!null t5.g:21!null t5.b:22 t5.should_not_be_eliminated:23 t5.c:24
      │    │    ├── scan t5
      │    │    │    └── columns: t5.f:20!null t5.g:21!null t5.b:22 t5.should_not_be_eliminated:23 t5.c:24
      │    │    ├── inner-join (lookup t4)
      │    │    │    ├── columns: t3.a:10!null d:11!null e:14!null t4.f:15 t4.g:16
      │    │    │    ├── key columns: [11] = [14]
      │    │    │    ├── lookup columns are key
      │    │    │    ├── scan t3
      │    │    │    │    ├── columns: t3.a:10!null d:11!null
      │    │    │    │    └── constraint: /10/11: [/123456 - /123456]
      │    │    │    └── filters (true)
      │    │    └── filters
      │    │         ├── t4.f:15 = t5.f:20
      │    │         └── t4.g:16 = t5.g:21
      │    └── filters
      │         └── t2.a:5 = 123456
      └── filters
           └── t1.a:1 = 123456