internal/base: add doc comment discussing TrySeekUsingNext

internal/base/doc.go

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The LevelDB-Go and Pebble Authors. All rights reserved. Use
+// of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be found in
+// the LICENSE file.
+
+// Package base defines fundamental types used across Pebble, including keys,
+// iterators, etc.
+//
+// # Iterators
+//
+// The [InternalIterator] interface defines the iterator interface implemented
+// by all iterators over point keys. Internal iterators are composed to form an
+// "iterator stack," resulting in a single internal iterator (see mergingIter in
+// the pebble package) that yields a merged view of the LSM.
+//
+// The SeekGE and SeekPrefixGE positioning methods take a set of flags
+// [SeekGEFlags] allowing the caller to provide additional context to iterator
+// implementations.
+//
+// ## TrySeekUsingNext
+//
+// The TrySeekUsingNext flag is set when the caller has knowledge that no action
+// has been performed to move this iterator beyond the first key that would be
+// found if this iterator were to honestly do the intended seek. This allows a
+// class of optimizations where an internal iterator may avoid a full naive
+// repositioning if the iterator is already at a proximate position.
+//
+// Let [s] be the seek key of an InternalIterator.Seek[Prefix]GE operation with
+// TrySeekSeekUsingNext()=true on an internal iterator positioned at the key k_i
+// among k_0, k_1, ..., k_n keys known to the internal iterator. We maintain the
+// following universal invariants:
+//
+// U1: For all the internal iterators' keys k_j st j<i [all keys before its
+// current key k_i], one or more of the following hold:
+//
+//   - (a) k_j < s
+//   - (b) k_j is invisible at the iterator's sequence number
+//   - (c) k_j is deleted by a visible range tombstone
+//   - (d) k_j is deleted by a visible point tombstone
+//   - (e) k_j is excluded by a block property filter, range key masking, etc.
+//
+// This contract must hold for every call passing TrySeekUsingNext, including
+// calls within the interior of the iterator stack. It's the responsibility of
+// each caller to preserve this relationship. Intuitively, the caller is
+// promising that nothing behind the iterator's current position is relevant and
+// the callee may search in the forward direction only. Note that there is no
+// universal responsibility on the callee's behavior outside the ordinary seek
+// operation's contract, and the callee may freely ignore the flag entirely.
+//
+// In addition to the universal invariants, the merging iterator and level
+// iterator impose additional invariants on TrySeekUsingNext due to their
+// responsibilities of applying range deletions and surfacing files' range
+// deletions respectively.
+//
+// Let [s] be the seek key of a Seek[Prefix]GE operation on a merging iterator,
+// and [s2] be the seek key of the resulting Seek[Prefix]GE operation on a level
+// iterator at level l_i among levels l_0, l_1, ..., l_n, positioned at the file
+// f_i among files f_0, f_1, ..., f_n and the key k_i among keys k_0, k_1, ...,
+// k_n known to the internal iterator. We maintain the following merging
+// iterator invariants:
+//
+// M1: Cascading: If TrySeekUsingNext is propagated to the level iterator at
+// level l_i, TrySeekUsingNext must be propagated to all the merging iterator's
+// iterators at levels j > i.
+// M2: File monotonicity: If TrySeekUsingNext is propagated to a level iterator,
+// the level iterator must not return a key from a file f_j where j < i, even if
+// file f_j includes a key k_j such that s2 ≤ k_j < k_i.
+//
+// Together, these invariants ensure that any range deletions relevant to
+// lower-levelled keys are either in currently open files or future files.
+//
+// Description of TrySeekUsingNext mechanics across the iterator stack:
+//
+// As the top-level entry point of user seeks, the [pebble.Iterator] is
+// responsible for detecting when consecutive user-initiated seeks move
+// monotonically forward. It saves seek keys and compares consecutive seek keys
+// to decide whether to propagate the TrySeekUsingNext flag to its
+// [InternalIterator].
+//
+// The [pebble.Iterator] also has its own TrySeekUsingNext optimization in
+// SeekGE: Above the [InternalIterator] interface, the [pebble.Iterator]'s
+// SeekGE method detects consecutive seeks to monotonically increasing keys and
+// examines the current key. If the iterator is already positioned appropriately
+// (at a key ≥ the seek key), it elides the entire seek of the internal
+// iterator.
+//
+// The pebble mergingIter does not perform any TrySeekUsingNext optimization
+// itself, but it must preserve the universal U1 invariant, as well as the M1
+// invariant specific to the mergingIter. It does both by always translating
+// calls to its SeekGE and SeekPrefixGE methods as equivalent calls to every
+// child iterator. There are subtleties:
+//
+//   - The mergingIter takes care to avoid ever advancing a child iterator
+//     that's already positioned beyond the current iteration prefix. During
+//     prefix iteration, some levels may omit keys that don't match the
+//     prefix. Meanwhile the merging iterator sometimes skips keys (eg, due to
+//     visibility filtering). If we did not guard against iterating beyond the
+//     iteration prefix, this key skipping could move some iterators beyond the
+//     keys that were omitted due to prefix mismatch. A subsequent
+//     TrySeekUsingNext could surface the omitted keys, but not relevant range
+//     deletions that deleted them.
+//
+// The pebble levelIter makes use of the TrySeekUsingNext flag to avoid a naive
+// seek within the level's B-Tree of files. When TrySeekUsingNext is passed by
+// the caller, the relevant key must fall within the current file or a later
+// file. The search space is reduced from (-∞,+∞) to [current file, +∞). If the
+// current file's bounds overlap the key, the levelIter propagates the
+// TrySeekUsingNext to the current sstable iterator. If the levelIter must
+// advance to a new file, it drops the flag because the new file's sstable
+// iterator is still unpositioned.
+//
+// In-memory iterators arenaskl.Iterator and batchskl.Iterator make use of the
+// TrySeekUsingNext flag, attempting a fixed number of Nexts before falling back
+// to performing a seek using skiplist structures.
+//
+// The sstable iterators use the TrySeekUsingNext flag to avoid naive seeks
+// through a table's index structures. See the long comment in
+// sstable/reader_iter.go for more details:
+//   - If an iterator is already exhausted, either because there are no
+//     subsequent point keys or because the upper bound has been reached, the
+//     iterator uses TrySeekUsingNext to avoid any repositioning at all.
+//   - Otherwise, a TrySeekUsingNext flag causes the sstable Iterator to Next
+//     forward a capped number of times, stopping as soon as a key ≥ the seek key
+//     is discovered.
+//   - The sstable iterator does not always position itself in response to a
+//     SeekPrefixGE even when TrySeekUsingNext()=false, because bloom filters may
+//     indicate the prefix does not exist within the file. The sstable iterator
+//     takes care to remember when it didn't position itself, so that a
+//     subsequent seek using TrySeekUsingNext does NOT try to reuse the current
+//     iterator position.
+package base

internal/base/iterator.go

@@ -227,17 +227,28 @@ const (
 // SeekGEFlagsNone is the default value of SeekGEFlags, with all flags disabled.
 const SeekGEFlagsNone = SeekGEFlags(0)
 
-// TrySeekUsingNext indicates whether a performance optimization was enabled
-// by a caller, indicating the caller has not done any action to move this
-// iterator beyond the first key that would be found if this iterator were to
-// honestly do the intended seek. For example, say the caller did a
-// SeekGE(k1...), followed by SeekGE(k2...) where k1 <= k2, without any
-// intermediate positioning calls. The caller can safely specify true for this
-// parameter in the second call. As another example, say the caller did do one
-// call to Next between the two Seek calls, and k1 < k2. Again, the caller can
-// safely specify a true value for this parameter. Note that a false value is
-// always safe. The callee is free to ignore the true value if its
-// implementation does not permit this optimization.
+// TODO(jackson): Rename TrySeekUsingNext to MonotonicallyForward or something
+// similar that avoids prescribing the implementation of the optimization but
+// instead focuses on the contract expected of the caller.
+
+// TrySeekUsingNext is set when the caller has knowledge that it has performed
+// no action to move this iterator beyond the first key that would be found if
+// this iterator were to honestly do the intended seek. This enables a class of
+// performance optimizations within various internal iterator implementations.
+// For example, say the caller did a SeekGE(k1...), followed by SeekGE(k2...)
+// where k1 <= k2, without any intermediate positioning calls. The caller can
+// safely specify true for this parameter in the second call. As another
+// example, say the caller did do one call to Next between the two Seek calls,
+// and k1 < k2. Again, the caller can safely specify a true value for this
+// parameter. Note that a false value is always safe. If true, the callee should
+// not return a key less than the current iterator position even if a naive seek
+// would land there.
+//
+// The same promise applies to SeekPrefixGE: Prefixes of k1 and k2 may be
+// different. If the callee does not position itself for k1 (for example, an
+// sstable iterator that elides a seek due to bloom filter exclusion), the
+// callee must remember it did not position itself for k1 and that it must
+// perform the full seek.
 //
 // We make the caller do this determination since a string comparison of k1, k2
 // is not necessarily cheap, and there may be many iterators in the iterator

sstable/reader_iter_single_lvl.go

@@ -835,6 +835,12 @@ func (i *singleLevelIterator) seekPrefixGE(
 	if checkFilter && i.reader.tableFilter != nil {
 		if !i.lastBloomFilterMatched {
 			// Iterator is not positioned based on last seek.
+			//
+			// TODO(jackson): Would it be worth keeping the
+			// TrySeekUsingNext optimization if the previous SeekPrefixGE call
+			// that hit the bloom filter exclusion case also had
+			// TrySeekUsingNext()=true (in which case the position from two
+			// operations ago transitively still holds)?
 			flags = flags.DisableTrySeekUsingNext()
 		}
 		i.lastBloomFilterMatched = false