pythongh-111964: Implement stop-the-world pauses

The `--disable-gil` builds occasionally need to pause all but one thread. Some
examples include:

* Cyclic garbage collection, where this is often called a "stop the world event"
* Before calling `fork()`, to ensure a consistent state for internal data structures
* During interpreter shutdown, to ensure that daemon threads aren't accessing Python objects

This adds the following functions to implement global and per-interpreter pauses:

* `_PyRuntimeState_StopTheWorld` and `_PyRuntimeState_StartTheWorld`
* `_PyInterpreterState_StopTheWorld` and `_PyInterpreterState_StartTheWorld`

These functions are no-ops outside of the `--disable-gil` build.

This also adds `_PyRWMutex`, a "readers-writer" lock, which is used to
serialize global stop-the-world pauses with per-interpreter pauses.

Include/internal/pycore_ceval.h

@@ -205,6 +205,7 @@ void _PyEval_FrameClearAndPop(PyThreadState *tstate, _PyInterpreterFrame *frame)
 #define _PY_CALLS_TO_DO_BIT 2
 #define _PY_ASYNC_EXCEPTION_BIT 3
 #define _PY_GC_SCHEDULED_BIT 4
+#define _PY_EVAL_PLEASE_STOP_BIT 5
 
 /* Reserve a few bits for future use */
 #define _PY_EVAL_EVENTS_BITS 8

Include/internal/pycore_interp.h

@@ -40,6 +40,22 @@ struct _Py_long_state {
     int max_str_digits;
 };
 
+// Support for stop-the-world events. This exists in both the PyRuntime struct
+// for global pauses and in each PyInterpreterState for per-interpreter pauses.
+struct _stoptheworld_state {
+    PyMutex mutex;       // Serializes stop-the-world attempts.
+
+    // NOTE: The below fields are protected by HEAD_LOCK(runtime), not by the
+    // above mutex.
+    bool requested;      // Set when a pause is requested.
+    bool world_stopped;  // Set when the world is stopped.
+    bool is_global;      // Set when contained in PyRuntime struct.
+
+    PyEvent stop_event;  // Set when thread_countdown reaches zero.
+    Py_ssize_t thread_countdown;  // Number of threads that must pause.
+
+    PyThreadState *requester; // Thread that requested the pause (may be NULL).
+};
 
 /* cross-interpreter data registry */
 
@@ -165,6 +181,7 @@ struct _is {
 
     struct _warnings_runtime_state warnings;
     struct atexit_state atexit;
+    struct _stoptheworld_state stoptheworld;
 
     struct _obmalloc_state obmalloc;
 

Include/internal/pycore_pystate.h

@@ -138,13 +138,37 @@ _PyThreadState_GET(void)
 //
 // High-level code should generally call PyEval_RestoreThread() instead, which
 // calls this function.
-void _PyThreadState_Attach(PyThreadState *tstate);
+extern void _PyThreadState_Attach(PyThreadState *tstate);
 
 // Detaches the current thread from the interpreter.
 //
 // High-level code should generally call PyEval_SaveThread() instead, which
 // calls this function.
-void _PyThreadState_Detach(PyThreadState *tstate);
+extern void _PyThreadState_Detach(PyThreadState *tstate);
+
+// Temporarily pauses the thread in the GC state.
+//
+// This is used to implement stop-the-world pauses. The thread must be in the
+// "attached" state. It will switch to the "GC" state and pause until the
+// stop-the-world event completes, after which it will switch back to the
+// "attached" state.
+extern void _PyThreadState_Park(PyThreadState *tstate);
+
+// Perform a stop-the-world pause for all threads in the all interpreters.
+//
+// Threads in the "attached" state are paused and transitioned to the "GC"
+// state. Threads in the "detached" state switch to the "GC" state, preventing
+// them from reattaching until the stop-the-world pause is complete.
+//
+// NOTE: This is a no-op outside of Py_GIL_DISABLED builds.
+extern void _PyRuntimeState_StopTheWorld(_PyRuntimeState *runtime);
+extern void _PyRuntimeState_StartTheWorld(_PyRuntimeState *runtime);
+
+// Perform a stop-the-world pause for threads in the specified interpreter.
+//
+// NOTE: This is a no-op outside of Py_GIL_DISABLED builds.
+extern void _PyInterpreterState_StopTheWorld(PyInterpreterState *interp);
+extern void _PyInterpreterState_StartTheWorld(PyInterpreterState *interp);
 
 
 static inline void

Include/internal/pycore_runtime.h

@@ -227,6 +227,9 @@ typedef struct pyruntimestate {
     struct _faulthandler_runtime_state faulthandler;
     struct _tracemalloc_runtime_state tracemalloc;
 
+    _PyRWMutex stoptheworld_mutex;
+    struct _stoptheworld_state stoptheworld;
+
     PyPreConfig preconfig;
 
     // Audit values must be preserved when Py_Initialize()/Py_Finalize()

Include/internal/pycore_runtime_init.h

@@ -115,6 +115,9 @@ extern PyTypeObject _PyExc_MemoryError;
         }, \
         .faulthandler = _faulthandler_runtime_state_INIT, \
         .tracemalloc = _tracemalloc_runtime_state_INIT, \
+        .stoptheworld = { \
+            .is_global = 1, \
+        }, \
         .float_state = { \
             .float_format = _py_float_format_unknown, \
             .double_format = _py_float_format_unknown, \

Include/pymacro.h

@@ -160,6 +160,9 @@
     Py_FatalError("Unreachable C code path reached")
 #endif
 
+#define _Py_CONTAINER_OF(ptr, type, member) \
+    (type*)((char*)ptr - offsetof(type, member))
+
 // Prevent using an expression as a l-value.
 // For example, "int x; _Py_RVALUE(x) = 1;" fails with a compiler error.
 #define _Py_RVALUE(EXPR) ((void)0, (EXPR))

Python/ceval_gil.c

@@ -949,6 +949,12 @@ _Py_HandlePending(PyThreadState *tstate)
 {
     PyInterpreterState *interp = tstate->interp;
 
+    /* Pending signals */
+    if (_Py_eval_breaker_bit_is_set(interp, _PY_EVAL_PLEASE_STOP_BIT)) {
+        _Py_set_eval_breaker_bit(interp, _PY_EVAL_PLEASE_STOP_BIT, 0);
+        _PyThreadState_Park(tstate);
+    }
+
     /* Pending signals */
     if (_Py_eval_breaker_bit_is_set(interp, _PY_SIGNALS_PENDING_BIT)) {
         if (handle_signals(tstate) != 0) {