[Carry 2535] rootless: support detach-netns mode

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -158,31 +158,40 @@ jobs:
         include:
           - ubuntu: 20.04
             containerd: v1.6.26
+            rootlesskit: v1.1.1
             target: test-integration-rootless
           - ubuntu: 20.04
             containerd: v1.7.11
+            rootlesskit: v2.0.0
             target: test-integration-rootless
           - ubuntu: 22.04
             containerd: v1.7.11
+            rootlesskit: v1.1.1
             target: test-integration-rootless
           - ubuntu: 22.04
             containerd: main
+            rootlesskit: v2.0.0
             target: test-integration-rootless
           - ubuntu: 20.04
             containerd: v1.6.26
+            rootlesskit: v1.1.1
             target: test-integration-rootless-port-slirp4netns
           - ubuntu: 20.04
             containerd: v1.7.11
+            rootlesskit: v2.0.0
             target: test-integration-rootless-port-slirp4netns
           - ubuntu: 22.04
             containerd: v1.7.11
+            rootlesskit: v1.1.1
             target: test-integration-rootless-port-slirp4netns
           - ubuntu: 22.04
             containerd: main
+            rootlesskit: v2.0.0
             target: test-integration-rootless-port-slirp4netns
     env:
       UBUNTU_VERSION: "${{ matrix.ubuntu }}"
       CONTAINERD_VERSION: "${{ matrix.containerd }}"
+      ROOTLESSKIT_VERSION: "${{ matrix.rootlesskit }}"
       TEST_TARGET: "${{ matrix.target }}"
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.1
@@ -191,7 +200,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: "Register QEMU (tonistiigi/binfmt)"
         run: docker run --privileged --rm tonistiigi/binfmt --install all
       - name: "Prepare (network driver=slirp4netns, port driver=builtin)"
-        run: DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build -t ${TEST_TARGET} --target ${TEST_TARGET} --build-arg UBUNTU_VERSION=${UBUNTU_VERSION} --build-arg CONTAINERD_VERSION=${CONTAINERD_VERSION} .
+        run: DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build -t ${TEST_TARGET} --target ${TEST_TARGET} --build-arg UBUNTU_VERSION=${UBUNTU_VERSION} --build-arg CONTAINERD_VERSION=${CONTAINERD_VERSION} --build-arg ROOTLESSKIT_VERSION=${ROOTLESSKIT_VERSION} .
       - name: "Test (network driver=slirp4netns, port driver=builtin)"
         run: docker run -t --rm --privileged -e WORKAROUND_ISSUE_622=1 ${TEST_TARGET}
 

Dockerfile

@@ -23,13 +23,13 @@ ARG RUNC_VERSION=v1.1.11
 ARG CNI_PLUGINS_VERSION=v1.4.0
 
 # Extra deps: Build
-ARG BUILDKIT_VERSION=v0.12.4
+ARG BUILDKIT_VERSION=v0.13.0-beta2
 # Extra deps: Lazy-pulling
 ARG STARGZ_SNAPSHOTTER_VERSION=v0.15.1
 # Extra deps: Encryption
 ARG IMGCRYPT_VERSION=v1.1.9
 # Extra deps: Rootless
-ARG ROOTLESSKIT_VERSION=v1.1.1
+ARG ROOTLESSKIT_VERSION=v2.0.0
 ARG SLIRP4NETNS_VERSION=v1.2.2
 # Extra deps: bypass4netns
 ARG BYPASS4NETNS_VERSION=v0.3.0
@@ -151,7 +151,8 @@ RUN fname="buildkit-${BUILDKIT_VERSION}.${TARGETOS:-linux}-${TARGETARCH:-amd64}.
   curl -o "${fname}" -fSL "https://github.com/moby/buildkit/releases/download/${BUILDKIT_VERSION}/${fname}" && \
   grep "${fname}" "/SHA256SUMS.d/buildkit-${BUILDKIT_VERSION}" | sha256sum -c && \
   tar xzf "${fname}" -C /out && \
-  rm -f "${fname}" /out/bin/buildkit-qemu-* /out/bin/buildkit-runc && \
+  rm -f "${fname}" /out/bin/buildkit-qemu-* /out/bin/buildkit-cni-* /out/bin/buildkit-runc && \
+  for f in /out/libexec/cni/*; do ln -s ../libexec/cni/$(basename $f) /out/bin/buildkit-cni-$(basename $f); done && \
   echo "- BuildKit: ${BUILDKIT_VERSION}" >> /out/share/doc/nerdctl-full/README.md
 # NOTE: github.com/moby/buildkit/examples/systemd is not included in BuildKit v0.8.x, will be included in v0.9.x
 RUN cd /out/lib/systemd/system && \

Dockerfile.d/SHA256SUMS.d/buildkit-v0.13.0-beta2

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+c089e8c4d5765479547c04070676c3803956b98b20b0aa07de671f8ceb4521eb  buildkit-v0.13.0-beta2.linux-amd64.tar.gz
+a1228cd8d5fbb0d1e150f6ab7690dad9448fc63d99ec84b919d169b4f449a9ee  buildkit-v0.13.0-beta2.linux-arm64.tar.gz

Dockerfile.d/SHA256SUMS.d/rootlesskit-v2.0.0

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+c24c13b0a7d74ea2ce9c44ca13810844149c93b5d193a08bf21166d08706621c  rootlesskit-aarch64.tar.gz
+da79e531f38688aad050c93e0c4d2b1f33e888e9dc6301f9866eabfec93bc75f  rootlesskit-armv7l.tar.gz
+181e9ff0c9ee0286b7b5384893b5dc6498098eee7014de253f053e3b50fdcbdb  rootlesskit-ppc64le.tar.gz
+709527301c6c4046cbe0ef5043a866ca7cfd105d91dee4a49ef3c85c8e57de5a  rootlesskit-riscv64.tar.gz
+28a8d3eb8eb6fc49cba4819a3a74be6319e7060707e37ca02425107ed65c034e  rootlesskit-s390x.tar.gz
+8205e3f96ca9eb576a0b182455fb5ad1067bf019a7fe50a1816f6c04b581723f  rootlesskit-x86_64.tar.gz

README.md

@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ In addition to containerd, the following components should be installed:
 - [BuildKit](https://github.com/moby/buildkit) (OPTIONAL): for using `nerdctl build`. BuildKit daemon (`buildkitd`) needs to be running. See also [the document about setting up BuildKit](./docs/build.md).
   - v0.11.0 or later is highly recommended. Some features, such as pruning caches with `nerdctl system prune`, do not work with older versions.
 - [RootlessKit](https://github.com/rootless-containers/rootlesskit) and [slirp4netns](https://github.com/rootless-containers/slirp4netns) (OPTIONAL): for [Rootless mode](./docs/rootless.md)
-  - RootlessKit needs to be v0.10.0 or later. v0.14.1 or later is recommended.
+  - RootlessKit needs to be v0.10.0 or later. v2.0.0 or later is recommended.
   - slirp4netns needs to be v0.4.0 or later. v1.1.7 or later is recommended.
 
 These dependencies are included in `nerdctl-full-<VERSION>-<OS>-<ARCH>.tar.gz`, but not included in `nerdctl-<VERSION>-<OS>-<ARCH>.tar.gz`.

cmd/nerdctl/container_run_network_linux_test.go

@@ -494,6 +494,11 @@ func TestRunContainerWithMACAddress(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestHostsFileMounts(t *testing.T) {
+	if rootlessutil.IsRootless() {
+		if detachedNetNS, _ := rootlessutil.DetachedNetNS(); detachedNetNS != "" {
+			t.Skip("/etc/hosts is not writable")
+		}
+	}
 	base := testutil.NewBase(t)
 
 	base.Cmd("run", "--rm", testutil.CommonImage,

cmd/nerdctl/ipfs_linux_test.go

@@ -73,14 +73,21 @@ func TestIPFSAddress(t *testing.T) {
 
 func runIPFSDaemonContainer(t *testing.T, base *testutil.Base) (ipfsAddress string, done func()) {
 	name := "test-ipfs-address"
-	base.Cmd("run", "-d", "--name", name, "--entrypoint=/bin/sh", testutil.KuboImage, "-c", "ipfs init && ipfs config Addresses.API /ip4/0.0.0.0/tcp/5001 && ipfs daemon --offline").AssertOK()
-	iplines := base.Cmd("inspect", name, "-f", "'{{json .NetworkSettings.IPAddress}}'").OutLines()
-	t.Logf("IPAddress=%v", iplines)
-	assert.Equal(t, len(iplines), 2)
-	matches := iplineRegexp.FindStringSubmatch(iplines[0])
-	t.Logf("ip address matches=%v", matches)
-	assert.Equal(t, len(matches), 2)
-	ipfsaddr := fmt.Sprintf("/ip4/%s/tcp/5001", matches[1])
+	var ipfsaddr string
+	if detachedNetNS, _ := rootlessutil.DetachedNetNS(); detachedNetNS != "" {
+		// detached-netns mode can't use .NetworkSettings.IPAddress, because the daemon and CNI has different network namespaces
+		base.Cmd("run", "-d", "-p", "127.0.0.1:5999:5999", "--name", name, "--entrypoint=/bin/sh", testutil.KuboImage, "-c", "ipfs init && ipfs config Addresses.API /ip4/0.0.0.0/tcp/5999 && ipfs daemon --offline").AssertOK()
+		ipfsaddr = "/ip4/127.0.0.1/tcp/5999"
+	} else {
+		base.Cmd("run", "-d", "--name", name, "--entrypoint=/bin/sh", testutil.KuboImage, "-c", "ipfs init && ipfs config Addresses.API /ip4/0.0.0.0/tcp/5001 && ipfs daemon --offline").AssertOK()
+		iplines := base.Cmd("inspect", name, "-f", "'{{json .NetworkSettings.IPAddress}}'").OutLines()
+		t.Logf("IPAddress=%v", iplines)
+		assert.Equal(t, len(iplines), 2)
+		matches := iplineRegexp.FindStringSubmatch(iplines[0])
+		t.Logf("ip address matches=%v", matches)
+		assert.Equal(t, len(matches), 2)
+		ipfsaddr = fmt.Sprintf("/ip4/%s/tcp/5001", matches[1])
+	}
 	return ipfsaddr, func() {
 		base.Cmd("kill", "test-ipfs-address").AssertOK()
 		base.Cmd("rm", "test-ipfs-address").AssertOK()

docs/rootless.md

@@ -130,6 +130,36 @@ $ nerdctl run -it --rm -p 8080:80 --label nerdctl/bypass4netns=true alpine
 
 More detail is available at [https://github.com/rootless-containers/bypass4netns/blob/master/README.md](https://github.com/rootless-containers/bypass4netns/blob/master/README.md)
 
+## Configuring RootlessKit
+
+Rootless containerd recognizes the following environment variables to configure the behavior of [RootlessKit](https://github.com/rootless-containers/rootlesskit):
+
+* `CONTAINERD_ROOTLESS_ROOTLESSKIT_STATE_DIR=DIR`: the rootlesskit state dir. Defaults to `$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/containerd-rootless`.
+* `CONTAINERD_ROOTLESS_ROOTLESSKIT_NET=(slirp4netns|vpnkit|lxc-user-nic)`: the rootlesskit network driver. Defaults to "slirp4netns" if slirp4netns (>= v0.4.0) is installed. Otherwise defaults to "vpnkit".
+* `CONTAINERD_ROOTLESS_ROOTLESSKIT_MTU=NUM`: the MTU value for the rootlesskit network driver. Defaults to 65520 for slirp4netns, 1500 for other drivers.
+* `CONTAINERD_ROOTLESS_ROOTLESSKIT_PORT_DRIVER=(builtin|slirp4netns)`: the rootlesskit port driver. Defaults to "builtin".
+* `CONTAINERD_ROOTLESS_ROOTLESSKIT_SLIRP4NETNS_SANDBOX=(auto|true|false)`: whether to protect slirp4netns with a dedicated mount namespace. Defaults to "auto".
+* `CONTAINERD_ROOTLESS_ROOTLESSKIT_SLIRP4NETNS_SECCOMP=(auto|true|false)`: whether to protect slirp4netns with seccomp. Defaults to "auto".
+* `CONTAINERD_ROOTLESS_ROOTLESSKIT_DETACH_NETNS=(auto|true|false)`: whether to launch rootlesskit with the "detach-netns" mode.
+  Defaults to "auto", which is resolved to "true" if RootlessKit >= 2.0 is installed.
+  The "detached-netns" mode accelerates `nerdctl (pull|push|build)` and enables `nerdctl run --net=host`,
+  however, there is a relatively minor drawback with BuildKit prior to v0.13:
+  the host loopback IP address (127.0.0.1) and abstract sockets are exposed to Dockerfile's "RUN" instructions during `nerdctl build` (not `nerdctl run`).
+  The drawback is fixed in BuildKit v0.13. Upgrading from a prior version of BuildKit needs removing the old systemd unit:
+  `containerd-rootless-setuptool.sh uninstall-buildkit && rm -f ~/.config/buildkit/buildkitd.toml`
+
+To set these variables, create `~/.config/systemd/user/containerd.service.d/override.conf` as follows:
+```ini
+[Service]
+Environment=CONTAINERD_ROOTLESS_ROOTLESSKIT_DETACH_NETNS="false"
+```
+
+And then run the following commands:
+```bash
+systemctl --user daemon-reload
+systemctl --user restart containerd
+```
+
 ## Troubleshooting
 
 ### Hint to Fedora users

extras/rootless/containerd-rootless-setuptool.sh

@@ -152,8 +152,13 @@ propagate_env_from() {
 cmd_entrypoint_nsenter() {
 	# No need to call init()
 	pid=$(cat "$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/containerd-rootless/child_pid")
+	n=""
+	# If RootlessKit is running with `--detach-netns` mode, we do NOT enter the detached netns here
+	if [ ! -e "$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/containerd-rootless/netns" ]; then
+		n="-n"
+	fi
 	propagate_env_from "$pid" ROOTLESSKIT_STATE_DIR ROOTLESSKIT_PARENT_EUID ROOTLESSKIT_PARENT_EGID
-	exec nsenter --no-fork --wd="$(pwd)" --preserve-credentials -m -n -U -t "$pid" -- "$@"
+	exec nsenter --no-fork --wd="$(pwd)" --preserve-credentials -m $n -U -t "$pid" -- "$@"
 }
 
 show_systemd_error() {
@@ -265,14 +270,19 @@ cmd_entrypoint_install_buildkit() {
 		ERROR "Install containerd first (\`$ARG0 install\`)"
 		exit 1
 	fi
+	BUILDKITD_FLAG="--oci-worker=true --oci-worker-rootless=true --containerd-worker=false"
+	if buildkitd --help | grep -q bridge; then
+		# Available since BuildKit v0.13
+		BUILDKITD_FLAG="${BUILDKITD_FLAG} --oci-worker-net=bridge"
+	fi
 	cat <<-EOT | install_systemd_unit "${SYSTEMD_BUILDKIT_UNIT}"
 		[Unit]
 		Description=BuildKit (Rootless)
 		PartOf=${SYSTEMD_CONTAINERD_UNIT}
 
 		[Service]
 		Environment=PATH=$BIN:/sbin:/usr/sbin:$PATH
-		ExecStart="$REALPATH0" nsenter buildkitd
+		ExecStart="$REALPATH0" nsenter -- buildkitd ${BUILDKITD_FLAG}
 		ExecReload=/bin/kill -s HUP \$MAINPID
 		RestartSec=2
 		Restart=always
@@ -291,23 +301,12 @@ cmd_entrypoint_install_buildkit_containerd() {
 		ERROR "buildkitd (https://github.com/moby/buildkit) needs to be present under \$PATH"
 		exit 1
 	fi
-	if [ ! -f "${XDG_CONFIG_HOME}/buildkit/buildkitd.toml" ]; then
-		mkdir -p "${XDG_CONFIG_HOME}/buildkit"
-		cat <<-EOF >"${XDG_CONFIG_HOME}/buildkit/buildkitd.toml"
-			[worker.oci]
-			enabled = false
-
-			[worker.containerd]
-			enabled = true
-			rootless = true
-		EOF
-	fi
 	if ! systemctl --user --no-pager status "${SYSTEMD_CONTAINERD_UNIT}" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
 		ERROR "Install containerd first (\`$ARG0 install\`)"
 		exit 1
 	fi
 	UNIT_NAME=${SYSTEMD_BUILDKIT_UNIT}
-	BUILDKITD_FLAG=
+	BUILDKITD_FLAG="--oci-worker=false --containerd-worker=true --containerd-worker-rootless=true"
 	if [ -n "${CONTAINERD_NAMESPACE:-}" ]; then
 		UNIT_NAME="${CONTAINERD_NAMESPACE}-${SYSTEMD_BUILDKIT_UNIT}"
 		BUILDKITD_FLAG="${BUILDKITD_FLAG} --addr=unix://${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}/buildkit-${CONTAINERD_NAMESPACE}/buildkitd.sock --root=${XDG_DATA_HOME}/buildkit-${CONTAINERD_NAMESPACE} --containerd-worker-namespace=${CONTAINERD_NAMESPACE}"
@@ -317,6 +316,10 @@ cmd_entrypoint_install_buildkit_containerd() {
 	if [ -n "${CONTAINERD_SNAPSHOTTER:-}" ]; then
 		BUILDKITD_FLAG="${BUILDKITD_FLAG} --containerd-worker-snapshotter=${CONTAINERD_SNAPSHOTTER}"
 	fi
+	if buildkitd --help | grep -q bridge; then
+		# Available since BuildKit v0.13
+		BUILDKITD_FLAG="${BUILDKITD_FLAG} --containerd-worker-net=bridge"
+	fi
 	cat <<-EOT | install_systemd_unit "${UNIT_NAME}"
 		[Unit]
 		Description=BuildKit (Rootless)
@@ -521,7 +524,10 @@ cmd_entrypoint_uninstall_buildkit() {
 	init
 	uninstall_systemd_unit "${SYSTEMD_BUILDKIT_UNIT}"
 	INFO "This uninstallation tool does NOT remove data."
-	INFO "To remove data, run: \`$BIN/rootlesskit rm -rf ${XDG_DATA_HOME}/buildkit"
+	INFO "To remove data, run: \`$BIN/rootlesskit rm -rf ${XDG_DATA_HOME}/buildkit\`"
+	if [ -e "${XDG_CONFIG_HOME}/buildkit/buildkitd.toml" ]; then
+		INFO "You may also want to remove the daemon config: \`rm -f ${XDG_CONFIG_HOME}/buildkit/buildkitd.toml\`"
+	fi
 }
 
 # CLI subcommand: "uninstall-buildkit-containerd"

extras/rootless/containerd-rootless.sh

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 # External dependencies:
 # * newuidmap and newgidmap needs to be installed.
 # * /etc/subuid and /etc/subgid needs to be configured for the current user.
-# * RootlessKit (>= v0.10.0) needs to be installed. RootlessKit >= v0.14.1 is recommended.
+# * RootlessKit (>= v0.10.0) needs to be installed. RootlessKit >= v2.0.0 is recommended.
 # * Either one of slirp4netns (>= v0.4.0), VPNKit, lxc-user-nic needs to be installed. slirp4netns >= v1.1.7 is recommended.
 #
 # Recognized environment variables:
@@ -38,6 +38,15 @@
 # * CONTAINERD_ROOTLESS_ROOTLESSKIT_PORT_DRIVER=(builtin|slirp4netns): the rootlesskit port driver. Defaults to "builtin".
 # * CONTAINERD_ROOTLESS_ROOTLESSKIT_SLIRP4NETNS_SANDBOX=(auto|true|false): whether to protect slirp4netns with a dedicated mount namespace. Defaults to "auto".
 # * CONTAINERD_ROOTLESS_ROOTLESSKIT_SLIRP4NETNS_SECCOMP=(auto|true|false): whether to protect slirp4netns with seccomp. Defaults to "auto".
+# * CONTAINERD_ROOTLESS_ROOTLESSKIT_DETACH_NETNS=(auto|true|false): whether to launch rootlesskit with the "detach-netns" mode.
+#   Defaults to "auto", which is resolved to "true" if RootlessKit >= 2.0 is installed.
+#   The "detached-netns" mode accelerates `nerdctl (pull|push|build)` and enables `nerdctl run --net=host`,
+#   however, there is a relatively minor drawback with BuildKit prior to v0.13:
+#   the host loopback IP address (127.0.0.1) and abstract sockets are exposed to Dockerfile's "RUN" instructions during `nerdctl build` (not `nerdctl run`).
+#   The drawback is fixed in BuildKit v0.13. Upgrading from a prior version of BuildKit needs removing the old systemd unit:
+#   `containerd-rootless-setuptool.sh uninstall-buildkit && rm -f ~/.config/buildkit/buildkitd.toml`
+
+# See also: https://github.com/containerd/nerdctl/blob/main/docs/rootless.md#configuring-rootlesskit
 
 set -e
 if ! [ -w $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR ]; then
@@ -69,6 +78,7 @@ if [ -z $_CONTAINERD_ROOTLESS_CHILD ]; then
 	: "${CONTAINERD_ROOTLESS_ROOTLESSKIT_PORT_DRIVER:=builtin}"
 	: "${CONTAINERD_ROOTLESS_ROOTLESSKIT_SLIRP4NETNS_SANDBOX:=auto}"
 	: "${CONTAINERD_ROOTLESS_ROOTLESSKIT_SLIRP4NETNS_SECCOMP:=auto}"
+	: "${CONTAINERD_ROOTLESS_ROOTLESSKIT_DETACH_NETNS:=auto}"
 	net=$CONTAINERD_ROOTLESS_ROOTLESSKIT_NET
 	mtu=$CONTAINERD_ROOTLESS_ROOTLESSKIT_MTU
 	if [ -z $net ]; then
@@ -107,6 +117,25 @@ if [ -z $_CONTAINERD_ROOTLESS_CHILD ]; then
 			export _CONTAINERD_ROOTLESS_SELINUX
 		fi
 	fi
+
+	case "$CONTAINERD_ROOTLESS_ROOTLESSKIT_DETACH_NETNS" in
+	auto)
+		if rootlesskit --help | grep -qw -- "--detach-netns"; then
+			CONTAINERD_ROOTLESS_ROOTLESSKIT_FLAGS=--detach-netns $CONTAINERD_ROOTLESS_ROOTLESSKIT_FLAGS
+		fi
+		;;
+	1 | true)
+		CONTAINERD_ROOTLESS_ROOTLESSKIT_FLAGS=--detach-netns $CONTAINERD_ROOTLESS_ROOTLESSKIT_FLAGS
+		;;
+	0 | false)
+		# NOP
+		;;
+	*)
+		echo "Unknown CONTAINERD_ROOTLESS_ROOTLESSKIT_DETACH_NETNS value: $CONTAINERD_ROOTLESS_ROOTLESSKIT_DETACH_NETNS"
+		exit 1
+		;;
+	esac
+
 	# Re-exec the script via RootlessKit, so as to create unprivileged {user,mount,network} namespaces.
 	#
 	# --copy-up allows removing/creating files in the directories by creating tmpfs and symlinks

pkg/cmd/container/create.go

@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/containerd/nerdctl/v2/pkg/namestore"
 	"github.com/containerd/nerdctl/v2/pkg/platformutil"
 	"github.com/containerd/nerdctl/v2/pkg/referenceutil"
+	"github.com/containerd/nerdctl/v2/pkg/rootlessutil"
 	"github.com/containerd/nerdctl/v2/pkg/strutil"
 	dockercliopts "github.com/docker/cli/opts"
 	dockeropts "github.com/docker/docker/opts"
@@ -418,6 +419,29 @@ func GenerateLogURI(dataStore string) (*url.URL, error) {
 }
 
 func withNerdctlOCIHook(cmd string, args []string) (oci.SpecOpts, error) {
+	if rootlessutil.IsRootless() {
+		detachedNetNS, err := rootlessutil.DetachedNetNS()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to check whether RootlessKit is running with --detach-netns: %w", err)
+		}
+		if detachedNetNS != "" {
+			// Rewrite {cmd, args} if RootlessKit is running with --detach-netns, so that the hook can gain
+			// CAP_NET_ADMIN in the namespaces.
+			//   - Old:
+			//     - cmd:  "/usr/local/bin/nerdctl"
+			//     - args: {"--data-root=/foo", "internal", "oci-hook"}
+			//   - New:
+			//     - cmd:  "/usr/bin/nsenter"
+			//     - args: {"-n/run/user/1000/containerd-rootless/netns", "-F", "--", "/usr/local/bin/nerdctl", "--data-root=/foo", "internal", "oci-hook"}
+			oldCmd, oldArgs := cmd, args
+			cmd, err = exec.LookPath("nsenter")
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			args = append([]string{"-n" + detachedNetNS, "-F", "--", oldCmd}, oldArgs...)
+		}
+	}
+
 	args = append([]string{cmd}, append(args, "internal", "oci-hook")...)
 	return func(_ context.Context, _ oci.Client, _ *containers.Container, s *specs.Spec) error {
 		if s.Hooks == nil {