docs: Create adr-012-separate-releasing.md (#1229)

* Create adr-011-separate-releasing.md

* Update docs/docs/adrs/adr-011-separate-releasing.md

Co-authored-by: Philip Offtermatt <57488781+p-offtermatt@users.noreply.github.com>

* adr 12 not 11

* correct that we use postfix not prefix

* explanation on example release flow

---------

Co-authored-by: Philip Offtermatt <57488781+p-offtermatt@users.noreply.github.com>

docs/docs/adrs/adr-012-separate-releasing.md

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+---
+sidebar_position: 13
+title: Separate Releasing
+---
+# ADR 012: Separate Releasing
+
+## Changelog
+
+* {8/18/22}: Initial draft of idea in [#801](https://github.com/cosmos/interchain-security/issues/801)
+* {8/22/22}: Put idea in this ADR
+
+## Status
+
+Accepted
+
+## Context
+
+### Spike results
+
+I explored the idea of [#801](https://github.com/cosmos/interchain-security/issues/801) with this [spike branch](https://github.com/cosmos/interchain-security/tree/shawn%2Fgo-mod-split-aug-spike). Here's my conclusions:
+
+Splitting this repo to have multiple go.mods is possible. However there are various intricacies involved in decoupling the package hierarchy to have `x/ccv/types` as the lowest level dep, with `x/ccv/consumer` and `x/ccv/provider` being one dep layer above, with high-level tests depending on all three of the mentioned packages. I'd estimate this decoupling would take 2-5 workdays to finish, and require significant review effort.
+
+### Why go.mod split is not the way to go
+
+Let's take a step back and remember the issue we're trying to solve - **We need a clean way to decouple semver/releasing for the consumer and provider modules**. After more consideration, splitting up go.mods gives us little benefit in achieving this. Reasons:
+
+* The `go.mod` dependency system is tied to git tags for the entire repo (ex: `require github.com/cometbft/cometbft v0.37.2` refers to a historical tag for the entire cometbft repo).
+* It'd be an odd dev experience to allow modules to reference past releases of other modules in the same repo. When would we ever want the consumer module to reference a past release of the types module for example?
+* If we allow for `go.mod` replace statements to build from local source code, why split up the package deps at all?
+* Splitting go.mods adds a bunch of complexity with `go.work` files and all that shiz. VSCode does not play well with multiple module repos either.
+
+### Why separate repos is cool but also not the way to go
+
+All this considered, the cleanest solution to decoupling semver/releasing for the consumer and provider modules would be to have multiple repos, each with their own go.mod (3-4 repos total including high level tests). With this scheme we could separately tag each repo as changes are merged, they could share some code from `types` being an external dep, etc.
+
+I don't think any of us want to split up the monorepo, that's a lot of work and seems like bikeshedding. There's another solution that's very simple..  
+
+## Decision
+
+Slightly adapting [the current semver ruleset](https://github.com/cosmos/interchain-security/blob/cca008d856e3ffc60ec1a486871d0faa702abe26/CONTRIBUTING.md#semantic-versioning):
+
+* A library API breaking change to EITHER the provider or consumer module will result in an increase of the MAJOR version number for BOTH modules (X.y.z-provider AND X.y.z-consumer).
+* A state breaking change (change requiring coordinated upgrade and/or state migration) will result in an increase of the MINOR version number for the AFFECTED module(s) (x.Y.z-provider AND/OR x.Y.z-consumer).
+* Any other changes (including node API breaking changes) will result in an increase of the PATCH version number for the AFFECTED module(s) (x.y.Z-provider AND/OR x.y.Z-consumer).
+
+### Example release flow
+
+We upgrade `main` to use a new version of SDK. This is a major version bump, triggering a new release for both the provider and consumer modules, `v5.0.0-provider` and `v5.0.0-consumer`.
+
+* A state breaking change is merged to `main` for the provider module. We release only a `v5.1.0-provider` off main.
+* Another state breaking change is merged to `main` for the provider module. We release only a `v5.2.0-provider` off main.
+* At this point, the latest consumer version is still `v5.0.0-consumer`. We now merge a state breaking change for the consumer module to `main`, and consequently release `v5.1.0-consumer`. Note that `v5.1.0-consumer` is tagged off a LATER commit from main than `v5.2.0-provider`. This is fine, as the consumer module should not be affected by the provider module's state breaking changes.
+* Once either module sees a library API breaking change, we bump the major version for both modules. For example, we merge a library API breaking change to `main` for the provider module. We release `v6.0.0-provider` and `v6.0.0-consumer` off main. Note that most often, a library API breaking change will affect both modules simultaneously (example being bumping sdk version).
+
+## Consequences
+
+### Positive
+
+* Consumer repos have clear communication of what tagged versions are relevant to them. Consumer devs should know to never reference an ICS version that starts with `provider`, even if it'd technically build.
+* Consumer and provider modules do not deviate as long as we continually release off a shared main branch. Backporting remains relatively unchanged besides being explicit about what module(s) your changes should affect.
+* No code changes, just changes in process. Very simple.
+
+### Negative
+
+* Slightly more complexity.
+* This solution does not allow having provider and consumer on separate versions of e.g. the Cosmos SDK
+
+### Neutral
+
+## References
+
+> Are there any relevant PR comments, issues that led up to this, or articles referenced for why we made the given design choice? If so link them here!
+
+* [#801](https://github.com/cosmos/interchain-security/issues/801)
+* [#801 comment](https://github.com/cosmos/interchain-security/issues/801#issuecomment-1683349298)