ERC-165 Standard Interface Detection

EIPS/eip-165.md

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+## Preamble
+
+```
+EIP: <to be assigned>
+Title: ERC-165 Standard Interface Detection
+Author: Christian Reitwießner <chris@ethereum.org>, Nick Johnson <nick@ethereum.org>, RJ Catalano <rj@monax.io>, Fabian Vogelsteller <fabian@frozeman.de>, Hudson Jameson <hudson@hudsonjameson.com>, Jordi Baylina <jordi@baylina.cat>, Griff Green <saveoursonics@gmail.com>, Konrad Feldmeier <konrad.feldmeier@brainbot.com>, William Entriken <github.com@phor.net>
+Type: Standard Track
+Category: ERC
+Status: Draft
+Created: 2018-01-23
+```
+
+## Simple Summary
+
+Creates a standard method to publish and detect what interfaces a smart contract implements.
+
+## Abstract
+
+Herein, we standardize the following:
+
+1. How interfaces are identified
+2. How a contract will publish the interfaces it implements
+3. How to detect if a contract implements ERC-165
+4. How to detect if a contract implements any given interface
+
+## Motivation
+
+For some "standard interfaces" like [the ERC-20 token interface](https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-20-token-standard.md), it is sometimes useful to query whether a contract supports the interface and if yes, which version of the interface, in order to adapt the way in which the contract is to be interfaced with. Specifically for ERC-20, a version identifier has already been proposed. This proposal stadardizes the concept of interfaces and standardizes the identification (naming) of interfaces.
+
+## Specification
+
+### How Interfaces are Identified
+
+For this standard, an *interface* is a set of [function selectors as calculated in Solidity](http://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/develop/abi-spec.html#function-selector). This a subset of [Solidity's concept of interfaces](http://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/develop/abi-spec.html) and the  `interface` keyword definition which also define return types, mutability and events.
+
+We define the interface identifier as the XOR of all function selectors in the interface. This code example shows how to calculate an interface identifier:
+
+```solidity
+pragma solidity ^0.4.19;
+
+interface Solidity101 {
+    function hello() public pure;
+    function world(int) public pure;
+}
+
+contract Selector {
+    function calculateSelector() public pure returns (bytes4) {
+        Solidity101 i;
+        return i.hello.selector ^ i.world.selector;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+Note: interfaces do not permit optional functions, therefore, the interface identity will not them.
+
+### How a Contract will Publish the Interfaces it Implements
+
+A contract that is compliant with ERC-165 shall implement the following interface (referred as `ERC165.sol`):
+
+```solidity
+pragma solidity ^0.4.19;
+
+interface ERC165 {
+    /// @notice Query if a contract implements an interface
+    /// @param interfaceID The interface identifier, as specified in ERC-165
+    /// @dev Interface identification is specified in ERC-165. This function
+    ///  use less than 30000 gas.
+    /// @return `true` if the contract implements `interfaceID` and
+    ///  `interfaceID` is not 0xffffffff, `false` otherwise
+    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceID) external view returns (bool);
+}
+```
+
+The interface identifier for this interface is `0x01ffc9a7`. You can calculate this by running `        bytes4(keccak256('supportsInterface(bytes4)'));` or using the `Selector` contract above.
+
+Therefore the implementing contract will have a `supportsInterface` function that returns:
+
+- `true` when `interfaceID` is `0x01ffc9a7` (EIP165 interface)
+- `false` when `interfaceID` is `0xffffffff`
+- `true` for any other `interfaceID` this contract implements
+- `false` for any other `interfaceID`
+
+This function must return a bool and use at most 30000 gas.
+
+Implementation note, there are several logical ways to implement this function. Please see the example implementations and the discussion on gas usage.
+
+### How to Detect if a Contract Implements ERC-165
+
+1. The source contact makes a static `CALL` to the destination address with input data: `0x01ffc9a701ffc9a7` value: 0 and gas 30000. This corresponds to `contract.supportsInterface("0x01ffc9a7")`.
+2. If the call fails or return false, the destination contract does not implement ERC-165.
+3. If the call returns true, a second call is made with input data `0x01ffc9a7ffffffff`.
+4. If the second call fails or returns true, the destination contract does not implement ERC-165.
+5. Otherwise it implements EIP165.
+
+### How to Detect if a Contract Implements any Given Interface
+
+1. If you are not sure if the contract implements ERC-165 Interface, use the previous procedure to confirm.
+2. If it does not implement ERC-165, then you will have to see what methods it uses the old fashioned way.
+3. If it implements ERC-165 then just call `supportsInterface(interfaceID)` to determine if it implements an interface you can use.
+
+## Rationale
+
+We tried to keep this specification as simple as possible. This implementation is also compatible with the current Solidity version.
+
+## Backwards Compatibility
+
+The mechanism described above (with `0xffffffff`) should work with most of the contracts previous to this standard to determine that they do not implement ERC-165.
+
+Also [the ENS](https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-137.md) already implements this EIP.
+
+## Test Cases
+
+Following is a caching contract that detects which interfaces other contracts implement. From @fulldecent and @jbaylina.
+
+```solidity
+pragma solidity ^0.4.19;
+
+contract ERC165Cache {
+    bytes4 constant InvalidID = 0xffffffff;
+    bytes4 constant ERC165ID = 0x01ffc9a7;
+
+    enum ImplStatus { Unknown, No, Yes }
+    mapping (address => mapping (bytes4 => ImplStatus)) cache;
+
+    // Return value from cache if available
+    function interfaceSupported(address _contract, bytes4 _interfaceId) external returns (bool) {
+        ImplStatus status = cache[_contract][_interfaceId];
+        if (status == ImplStatus.Unknown) {
+            return checkInterfaceSupported(_contract, _interfaceId);
+        }
+        return status == ImplStatus.Yes;
+    }
+
+    // Repull result into cache
+    function checkInterfaceSupported(address _contract, bytes4 _interfaceId) public returns (bool) {
+        ImplStatus status = determineInterfaceImplementationStatus(_contract, _interfaceId);
+        cache[_contract][_interfaceId] = status;
+        return status == ImplStatus.Yes;
+    }
+
+    function determineInterfaceImplementationStatus(address _contract, bytes4 _interfaceId) internal view returns (ImplStatus) {
+        if (noThrowCall(_contract, InvalidID)) return ImplStatus.No;
+        if (!noThrowCall(_contract, ERC165ID)) return ImplStatus.No;
+        if (noThrowCall(_contract, _interfaceId)) return ImplStatus.Yes;
+        return ImplStatus.No;
+    }
+
+    // Update this after the Metropolis hard fork to use staticcall!
+    function noThrowCall(address _contract, bytes4 _interfaceId) internal view returns (bool result) {
+        bytes4 erc165ID = ERC165ID;
+        assembly {
+                let x := mload(0x40)               // Find empty storage location using "free memory pointer"
+                mstore(x, erc165ID)                // Place signature at begining of empty storage
+                mstore(add(x, 0x04), _interfaceId) // Place first argument directly next to signature
+                call(30000,                        // 30k gas
+                     _contract,                    // To addr
+                     0,                            // No value
+                     x,                            // Inputs are stored at location x
+                     0x8,                          // Inputs are 8 byes long
+                     x,                            // Store output over input (saves space)
+                     0x20)                         // Outputs are 32 bytes long
+                pop                                // Discard call return value
+                result := mload(x)                 // Load the result
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Implementation
+
+This approach uses a `view` function implementation of `supportsInterface`. The execution cost is 586 gas for any input. But contract initialization requires storing each interface (`SSTORE` is 20,000 gas). The `ERC165MappingImplementation` contract is generic and reusable.
+
+```solidity
+pragma solidity ^0.4.19;
+
+import "./ERC165.sol";
+
+contract ERC165MappingImplementation is ERC165 {
+    /// @dev You must not set element 0xffffffff to true
+    mapping(bytes4 => bool) internal supportedInterfaces;
+
+    function ERC165MappingImplementation() internal {
+        supportedInterfaces[this.supportsInterface.selector] = true;
+    }
+
+    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceID) external view returns (bool) {
+        return supportedInterfaces[interfaceID];
+    }
+}
+
+interface Simpson {
+    function is2D() external returns (bool);
+    function skinColor() external returns (string);
+}
+
+contract Lisa is ERC165MappingImplementation, Simpson {
+    function Lisa() public {
+        supportedInterfaces[this.is2D.selector ^ this.skinColor.selector] = true;
+    }
+
+    function is2D() external returns (bool){}
+    function skinColor() external returns (string){}
+}
+```
+
+Following is a `pure` function implementation of `supportsInterface`. The worst-case execution cost is 236 gas, but increases linearly with a higher number of supported interfaces.
+
+```solidity
+pragma solidity ^0.4.19;
+
+import "./ERC165.sol";
+
+interface Simpson {
+    function is2D() external returns (bool);
+    function skinColor() external returns (string);
+}
+
+contract Homer is ERC165, Simpson {
+    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceID) external view returns (bool) {
+        return 
+          interfaceID == this.supportsInterface.selector || // ERC165
+          interfaceID == this.is2D.selector 
+                         ^ this.skinColor.selector; // Simpson
+    }
+}
+```
+
+With three or more supported interfaces (including ERC165 itself as a required supported interface), the mapping table approach (for any case) costs less gas than the worst case for pure approach.
+
+## Copyright
+
+Copyright and related rights waived via [CC0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/).