Merge pull request #14594 from ethereum/dev

RC v9.4.0
ethereum · Jan 2, 2025 · a286166 · a286166
2 parents 15d46c2 + 9c45696
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diff --git a/.all-contributorsrc b/.all-contributorsrc
@@ -12643,6 +12643,24 @@
       "contributions": [
         "doc"
       ]
+    },
+    {
+      "login": "YakshitAgarwal",
+      "name": "Yakshit Agarwal",
+      "avatar_url": "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/153830716?v=4",
+      "profile": "https://github.com/YakshitAgarwal",
+      "contributions": [
+        "content"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "login": "mseidlx",
+      "name": "Matthias Seidl",
+      "avatar_url": "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/32496674?v=4",
+      "profile": "https://growthepie.xyz",
+      "contributions": [
+        "code"
+      ]
     }
   ],
   "contributorsPerLine": 7,

diff --git a/.github/workflows/generate-review-report.yml b/.github/workflows/generate-review-report.yml
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ jobs:
           CROWDIN_PROJECT_ID: ${{ secrets.CROWDIN_PROJECT_ID }}
 
       - name: Upload output as artifact
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: output
           path: ./src/data/crowdin/bucketsAwaitingReviewReport.csv
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -1934,6 +1934,10 @@ Thanks goes to these wonderful people ([emoji key](https://allcontributors.org/d
       <td align="center" valign="top" width="14.28%"><a href="https://github.com/ddannehh"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/109203827?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt="ddannehh"/><br /><sub><b>ddannehh</b></sub></a><br /><a href="#design-ddannehh" title="Design">🎨</a></td>
       <td align="center" valign="top" width="14.28%"><a href="https://github.com/jkylling"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/6781076?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt="Jonas Irgens Kylling"/><br /><sub><b>Jonas Irgens Kylling</b></sub></a><br /><a href="#content-jkylling" title="Content">🖋</a></td>
       <td align="center" valign="top" width="14.28%"><a href="https://github.com/CremaFR"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/5360522?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt="Thomas Brillard"/><br /><sub><b>Thomas Brillard</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/commits?author=CremaFR" title="Documentation">📖</a></td>
+      <td align="center" valign="top" width="14.28%"><a href="https://github.com/YakshitAgarwal"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/153830716?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt="Yakshit Agarwal"/><br /><sub><b>Yakshit Agarwal</b></sub></a><br /><a href="#content-YakshitAgarwal" title="Content">🖋</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td align="center" valign="top" width="14.28%"><a href="https://growthepie.xyz"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/32496674?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt="Matthias Seidl"/><br /><sub><b>Matthias Seidl</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/commits?author=mseidlx" title="Code">💻</a></td>
     </tr>
   </tbody>
 </table>

diff --git a/next.config.js b/next.config.js
@@ -63,6 +63,12 @@ module.exports = (phase, { defaultConfig }) => {
     trailingSlash: true,
     images: {
       deviceSizes: [640, 750, 828, 1080, 1200, 1504, 1920],
+      remotePatterns: [
+        {
+          protocol: "https",
+          hostname: "crowdin-static.downloads.crowdin.com",
+        },
+      ],
     },
   }
 

diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "ethereum-org-website",
-  "version": "9.3.0",
+  "version": "9.4.0",
   "license": "MIT",
   "private": true,
   "scripts": {
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@
     "lodash.merge": "^4.6.2",
     "lodash.shuffle": "^4.2.0",
     "lodash.union": "^4.6.0",
-    "next": "^14.2.10",
+    "next": "^14.2.15",
     "next-i18next": "^14.0.3",
     "next-mdx-remote": "^3.0.8",
     "next-sitemap": "^4.2.3",

diff --git a/public/_redirects b/public/_redirects
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@
 
 /nfts/ /en/nft/ 301!
 
+/payments/ /en/payments/ 301!
+
 /daos/ /en/dao/ 301!
 
 /layer2/ /en/layer-2/ 301!

diff --git a/public/content/community/research/index.md b/public/content/community/research/index.md
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ There are now several Layer 2 protocols that scale Ethereum using different tech
 #### Recent research {#recent-research-2}
 
 - [Arbitrum's fair-ordering for sequencers](https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/1465)
-- [ethresear.ch Layer 2](https://ethresear.ch/c/layer-2/32)
+- [Ethresear.ch Layer 2](https://ethresear.ch/c/layer-2/32)
 - [Rollup-centric roadmap](https://ethereum-magicians.org/t/a-rollup-centric-ethereum-roadmap/4698)
 - [L2Beat](https://l2beat.com/)
 
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ Ethereum wallets can be browser extensions, desktop and mobile apps or smart con
 
 - [Introduction to wallets](/wallets/)
 - [Introduction to wallet security](/security/)
-- [ethresear.ch Security](https://ethresear.ch/tag/security)
+- [Ethresear.ch Security](https://ethresear.ch/tag/security)
 - [EIP-2938 Account Abstraction](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2938)
 - [EIP-4337 Account Abstraction](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-4337)
 
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ Oracles import off-chain data onto the blockchain in a permissionless and decent
 
 - [Introduction to Oracles](/developers/docs/oracles/)
 
-#### Recent Research {#recent-research-18}
+#### Recent research {#recent-research-18}
 
 - [Survey of blockchain oracles](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.07140.pdf)
 - [Chainlink white paper](https://chain.link/whitepaper)
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ Hacks on Ethereum generally exploit vulnerabilities in individual applications r
 
 #### Recent research {#recent-research-19}
 
-- [ethresear.ch Applications](https://ethresear.ch/c/applications/18)
+- [Ethresear.ch Applications](https://ethresear.ch/c/applications/18)
 
 ### Technology stack {#technology-stack}
 

diff --git a/public/content/contributing/index.md b/public/content/contributing/index.md
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ We are a welcoming community that will help you grow and educate in the Ethereum
 - [Work on an open issue](https://github.com/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues) – Work we've identified that needs doing
 
 **Design**
-- [Help design the website](/contributing/design/) Designers of all levels can contribute to improve the website
+- [Help design the website](/contributing/design/) – Designers of all levels can contribute to improve the website
 
 **Content**
 - [Create/edit content](/contributing/#how-to-update-content) – Suggest new pages or make tweaks to what's here already
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ If your contribution gets merged into ethereum.org, you will have a chance to cl
 
 ### How to claim
 1. Join our [Discord server](https://discord.gg/ethereum-org).
-2. Paste a link to your contribution in the `#🥇 | proof-of-contribution` channel
+2. Paste a link to your contribution in the `#🥇 | proof-of-contribution` channel.
 3. Wait for a member of our team to send you a link to your OAT.
 4. Claim your OAT!
 

diff --git a/public/content/contributing/style-guide/content-standardization/index.md b/public/content/contributing/style-guide/content-standardization/index.md
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ This site uses **sentence casing** for header names as a convention. Only the fi
 
 ### Setting Up Your Wallet
 
-### Getting Enough Ether
+### Getting Enough ether
 ```
 
 ### Article authors {#authors}

diff --git a/public/content/dao/index.md b/public/content/dao/index.md
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 ---
-title: Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs)
+title: What is a DAO?
+metaTitle: What is a DAO? | Decentralized Autonomous Organization
 description: An overview of DAOs on Ethereum
 lang: en
 template: use-cases

diff --git a/public/content/defi/index.md b/public/content/defi/index.md
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 ---
 title: Decentralized finance (DeFi)
+metaTitle: What is DeFi? | Benefits and Use of Decentralised Finance
 description: An overview of DeFi on Ethereum
 lang: en
 template: use-cases
@@ -168,7 +169,7 @@ If exchange B's supply dropped suddenly and the user wasn't able to buy enough t
 
 To be able to do the above example in the traditional finance world, you'd need an enormous amount of money. These money-making strategies are only accessible to those with existing wealth. Flash loans are an example of a future where having money is not necessarily a prerequisite for making money.
 
-<ButtonLink isSecondary href="https://aave.com/flash-loans/">
+<ButtonLink isSecondary href="https://aave.com/docs/concepts/flash-loans">
   More on flash loans
 </ButtonLink>
 
@@ -324,7 +325,7 @@ You can think of DeFi in layers:
 3. The protocols – [smart contracts](/glossary/#smart-contract) that provide the functionality, for example, a service that allows for decentralized lending of assets.
 4. [The applications](/dapps/) – the products we use to manage and access the protocols.
 
-Note: much of DeFi uses the [ERC-20 standard](/glossary/#erc-20). Applications in DeFi use a wrapper for ETH called Wrapped Ether (WETH). [Learn more about wrapped ether](/wrapped-eth).
+Note: much of DeFi uses the [ERC-20 standard](/glossary/#erc-20). Applications in DeFi use a wrapper for ETH called Wrapped ether (WETH). [Learn more about wrapped ether](/wrapped-eth).
 
 ## Build DeFi {#build-defi}
 
@@ -358,4 +359,4 @@ DeFi is an open-source movement. The DeFi protocols and applications are all ope
 
 <Divider />
 
-<QuizWidget quizKey="defi" />
+<QuizWidget quizKey="defi" />
diff --git a/public/content/developers/docs/apis/json-rpc/index.md b/public/content/developers/docs/apis/json-rpc/index.md
@@ -992,7 +992,7 @@ curl -X POST --data '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"eth_sendRawTransaction","params"
 
 ### eth_call {#eth_call}
 
-Executes a new message call immediately without creating a transaction on the block chain. Often used for executing read-only smart contract functions, for example the `balanceOf` for an ERC-20 contract.
+Executes a new message call immediately without creating a transaction on the blockchain. Often used for executing read-only smart contract functions, for example the `balanceOf` for an ERC-20 contract.
 
 **Parameters**
 

diff --git a/public/content/developers/docs/evm/index.md b/public/content/developers/docs/evm/index.md
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Some basic familiarity with common terminology in computer science such as [byte
 
 The analogy of a 'distributed ledger' is often used to describe blockchains like Bitcoin, which enable a decentralized currency using fundamental tools of cryptography. The ledger maintains a record of activity which must adhere to a set of rules that govern what someone can and cannot do to modify the ledger. For example, a Bitcoin address cannot spend more Bitcoin than it has previously received. These rules underpin all transactions on Bitcoin and many other blockchains.
 
-While Ethereum has its own native cryptocurrency (Ether) that follows almost exactly the same intuitive rules, it also enables a much more powerful function: [smart contracts](/developers/docs/smart-contracts/). For this more complex feature, a more sophisticated analogy is required. Instead of a distributed ledger, Ethereum is a distributed [state machine](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite-state_machine). Ethereum's state is a large data structure which holds not only all accounts and balances, but a _machine state_, which can change from block to block according to a pre-defined set of rules, and which can execute arbitrary machine code. The specific rules of changing state from block to block are defined by the EVM.
+While Ethereum has its own native cryptocurrency (ether) that follows almost exactly the same intuitive rules, it also enables a much more powerful function: [smart contracts](/developers/docs/smart-contracts/). For this more complex feature, a more sophisticated analogy is required. Instead of a distributed ledger, Ethereum is a distributed [state machine](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite-state_machine). Ethereum's state is a large data structure which holds not only all accounts and balances, but a _machine state_, which can change from block to block according to a pre-defined set of rules, and which can execute arbitrary machine code. The specific rules of changing state from block to block are defined by the EVM.
 
 ![A diagram showing the make up of the EVM](./evm.png)
 _Diagram adapted from [Ethereum EVM illustrated](https://takenobu-hs.github.io/downloads/ethereum_evm_illustrated.pdf)_

diff --git a/public/content/developers/docs/gas/index.md b/public/content/developers/docs/gas/index.md
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 ---
 title: Gas and fees
+metaTitle: "Ethereum gas and fees: technical overview"
 description:
 lang: en
 ---

diff --git a/public/content/developers/docs/intro-to-ether/index.md b/public/content/developers/docs/intro-to-ether/index.md
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ Users can query the ether balance of any [account](/developers/docs/accounts/) b
 
 ## Further reading {#further-reading}
 
-- [Defining Ether and Ethereum](https://www.cmegroup.com/education/courses/introduction-to-ether/defining-ether-and-ethereum.html) – _CME Group_
+- [Defining ether and Ethereum](https://www.cmegroup.com/education/courses/introduction-to-ether/defining-ether-and-ethereum.html) – _CME Group_
 - [Ethereum Whitepaper](/whitepaper/): The original proposal for Ethereum. This document includes a description of ether and the motivations behind its creation.
 - [Gwei Calculator](https://www.alchemy.com/gwei-calculator): Use this gwei calculator to easily convert wei, gwei, and ether. Simply plug in any amount of wei, gwei, or ETH and automatically calculate the conversion.
 

diff --git a/public/content/developers/docs/networking-layer/network-addresses/index.md b/public/content/developers/docs/networking-layer/network-addresses/index.md
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ For an Ethereum node, the multiaddr contains the node-ID (a hash of their public
 
 ## Enode {#enode}
 
-An enode is a way to identify an Ethereum node using a URL address format. The hexadecimal node-ID is encoded in the username portion of the URL separated from the host using an @ sign. The hostname can only be given as an IP address; DNS names are not allowed. The port in the hostname section is the TCP listening port. If the TCP and UDP (discovery) ports differ, the UDP port is specified as a query parameter "discport"
+An enode is a way to identify an Ethereum node using a URL address format. The hexadecimal node-ID is encoded in the username portion of the URL separated from the host using an @ sign. The hostname can only be given as an IP address; DNS names are not allowed. The port in the hostname section is the TCP listening port. If the TCP and UDP (discovery) ports differ, the UDP port is specified as a query parameter "discport".
 
 In the following example, the node URL describes a node with IP address `10.3.58.6`, TCP port `30303` and UDP discovery port `30301`.
 
@@ -35,6 +35,6 @@ Ethereum Node Records (ENRs) are a standardized format for network addresses on
 
 ## Further Reading {#further-reading}
 
-[EIP-778: Ethereum Node Records (ENR)](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-778)
-[Network addresses in Ethereum](https://dean.eigenmann.me/blog/2020/01/21/network-addresses-in-ethereum/)
-[LibP2P: Multiaddr-Enode-ENR?!](https://consensys.net/diligence/blog/2020/09/libp2p-multiaddr-enode-enr/)
+- [EIP-778: Ethereum Node Records (ENR)](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-778)
+- [Network addresses in Ethereum](https://dean.eigenmann.me/blog/2020/01/21/network-addresses-in-ethereum/)
+- [LibP2P: Multiaddr-Enode-ENR?!](https://consensys.net/diligence/blog/2020/09/libp2p-multiaddr-enode-enr/)
diff --git a/public/content/developers/docs/nodes-and-clients/client-diversity/index.md b/public/content/developers/docs/nodes-and-clients/client-diversity/index.md
@@ -80,6 +80,8 @@ Addressing client diversity requires more than individual users to choose minori
 
 [Prysm](https://docs.prylabs.network/docs/getting-started)
 
+[Grandine](https://docs.grandine.io/)
+
 Technical users can help accelerate this process by writing more tutorials and documentation for minority clients and encouraging their node-operating peers to migrate away from the dominant clients. Guides for switching to a minority consensus client are available on [clientdiversity.org](https://clientdiversity.org/).
 
 ## Client diversity dashboards {#client-diversity-dashboards}

diff --git a/public/content/developers/docs/nodes-and-clients/run-a-node/index.md b/public/content/developers/docs/nodes-and-clients/run-a-node/index.md
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ reth node \
     --authrpc.port 8551
 ```
 
-See [Configuring Reth](https://reth.rs/run/config.html?highlight=data%20directory#configuring-reth) to learn more about data default data directories. [Reth's documentation](https://reth.rs/run/mainnet.html) contains additional options and configuration details.
+See [Configuring Reth](https://reth.rs/run/config.html?highlight=data%20directory#configuring-reth) to learn more about default data directories. [Reth's documentation](https://reth.rs/run/mainnet.html) contains additional options and configuration details.
 
 #### Starting the consensus client {#starting-the-consensus-client}
 

diff --git a/public/content/developers/docs/scaling/plasma/index.md b/public/content/developers/docs/scaling/plasma/index.md
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ Although exit games sound nice in theory, real-life mass exits will likely trigg
 
 | Pros                                                                                                                                                                                                                             | Cons                                                                                                                                                                         |
 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| Offers high throughput and low cost per transaction.                                                                                                                                                                             | Does not support general computation (cannot run smart contracts. Only basic token transfers, swaps, and a few other transaction types are supported via predicate logic.    |
+| Offers high throughput and low cost per transaction.                                                                                                                                                                             | Does not support general computation (cannot run smart contracts). Only basic token transfers, swaps, and a few other transaction types are supported via predicate logic.    |
 | Good for transactions between arbitrary users (no overhead per user pair if both are established on the plasma chain)                                                                                                            | Need to periodically watch the network (liveness requirement) or delegate this responsibility to someone else to ensure the security of your funds.                          |
 | Plasma chains can be adapted to specific use-cases that are unrelated to the main chain. Anyone, including businesses, can customize Plasma smart contracts to provide scalable infrastructure that works in different contexts. | Relies on one or more operators to store data and serve it upon request.                                                                                                     |
 | Reduces load on Ethereum Mainnet by moving computation and storage off-chain.                                                                                                                                                    | Withdrawals are delayed by several days to allow for challenges. For fungible assets, this can be mitigated by liquidity providers, but there is an associated capital cost. |