Query: parse as AST

[rasteiner]

Description

This PR Introduces a new query parser and "runners" which allow Kirby to "compile" queries so that they can subsequently execute faster.
Based on initial tests, the runners seem to be about 30% faster (28% one, 35% the other "more experimental" one).

Summary of changes

There is a new Kirby\Toolkit\Query namespace which contains all logic for the new query runners. The general process is as follows:

The query string is split into a flat sequence of tokens (see Kirby\Toolkit\Query\Tokenizer).
The tokens are parsed into a recursive abstract syntax tree (see Kirby\Toolkit\Query\Parser).
The AST is then visited by an interpreter (Kirby\Toolkit\Query\Runners\Visitors\Interpreter) that directly evaluates the query, or
a code generator (Kirby\Toolkit\Query\Runners\Visitors\CodeGen) that transpiles it into PHP code.

The whole process and the caching is handled by the two "runner" classes:

Kirby\Toolkit\Query\Runners\Interpreted
Kirby\Toolkit\Query\Runners\Transpiled

The original Kirby\Query\Query class remains in place and chooses which runner to use based on the query.runner option.

Reasoning

Separating the parsing and execution steps allows for more flexibility and better performance, since it allows us to cache the AST, either as PHP code or in memory during a request (or in some other out of process memory cache).

Additional context

The parser is a predictive recursive descent parser, making the parsing step O(n). As such it can't support ambigous code, which leads to the following failing test:

kirby/tests/Query/QueryTest.php

Lines 70 to 74 in eb47158

	$query = new Query('user.username');
	$this->assertSame('homer', $query->resolve(['user.username' => 'homer']));
	$query = new Query('user.callback');
	$this->assertSame('homer', $query->resolve(['user.callback' => fn () => 'homer']));

Changelog

• Introduce a new Kirby\Toolkit\Query namespace for query parsing and running.
• Introduce query.runner option to opt-out of the new parser or switch to the transpiled version (requires File Write access).
• Closures defined in Kirby queries can now accept arguments

The "no longer needed" classes in Kirby\Query (Argument, Arguments, Expression, Segment, Segments) could be deprecated and removed in a future version when you eventually remove support for the "legacy" runner.

Fixes

No fixes, just performance.

Breaking changes

The above mentioned ability of the original parser to match identifiers like user.username literally as array key "user.username" would no longer be valid, as a query like that, which changes "meaning" based on the data context, can't be compiled to an efficient code. An alternative syntax, like user\.username or maybe something like this['user.username'] would be needed.

Docs

Except for the above breaking change and deprecation, this should be a drop-in replacement.

The only new features are:

1. the config option query.runner:

<?php 

return [
  // 'query.runner' => 'legacy',
  // 'query.runner' => 'interpreted', // default
  // 'query.runner' => 'transpiled',
];

2. the ability to receive arguments in closures:

$query = new Query('(foo) => foo.homer');
$data  = [];

$bar = $query->resolve($data);
$bar = $bar(['homer' => 'simpson']);
$this->assertSame('simpson', $bar);

Ready?

No! This is a work in progress. The proposed API could change.
Also, for some reason VS Code decided to merge the main branch into this one... As this PR isn't really ment to be merged "as is" I'll just ignore this mistake: this is mainly a place for dicussion.

• In-code documentation (wherever needed)
• Unit tests for fixed bug/feature
• Tests and CI checks all pass

For review team

• Add lab and/or sandbox examples (wherever helpful)
• Add changes & docs to release notes draft in Notion

[rasteiner]

Updates

• the syntax user\.username has been implemented for now. The corresponding test has been updated to use that instead of the ambiguous user.username.
  Similarly, the following syntax is supported too: user\\\.username, for when the actual array key is really user\.username. (The first backslash escapes the second, the third escapes the dot.
• intercept has been implemented.

Discussion

In regards to intercept, all evaluated objects and variables are now passed through intercept. Even stuff like literal strings or numbers. It could be worth discussing if this is actually useful or just slow. One idea could be to only intercept objects on which a member field or method is accessed. Like:

• page('foo') would stay page('foo')
• page('foo').title would become intercept(page('foo')).title.

[distantnative]

One idea could be to only intercept objects on which a member field or method is accessed.
This would be an option if it also includes objects down the chain: E.g. page.files.first would also need the option to intercept the Files and the File object.

[rasteiner]

One idea could be to only intercept objects on which a member field or method is accessed.

This would be an option if it also includes objects down the chain: E.g. page.files.first would also need the option to intercept the Files and the File object.

Sure, page.files.first would be:

intercept(
  intercept(page).files
).first

page.files.first.delete would be:

intercept(
  intercept(
    intercept(page).files
  ).first
).delete

also foo.callMeBack(() => page('bar')).delete would be:

intercept(
  intercept(foo).callMeBack(() => page('bar'))
).delete

[rasteiner]

Having implemented the "user\.username" syntax, I've now realized that, while passing the unit test, I didn't really solve the underlying problem.
By allowing us to escape the dot, there's now an exception explicitly for the dot, but every other special symbol (even like whitespace) would still break the parsing:

$query = new Query('Shipping Address'); 
$this->assertSame('742 Evergreen Terrace', $query->resolve(['Shipping Address' => '742 Evergreen Terrace']));

I see 4 options:

1. We ignore this: the only special character allowed in array keys remains the dot
2. We escape literally everything, kinda like in regex
3. We introduce an index operator (i.e. foo["Shipping Address"] or {"Shipping Address"})
4. We introduce a new kind of string literal which is interpreted as identifier, like in MySQL queries the back ticks for complex column names `Shipping Address`

The index operator obviously gives the most bang for the buck as it allows any kind of expression as index (not just strings), but it either requires an unconventional syntax (the {} brackets in the example above) or, for the special case of wanting to access a "root level variable", we need to introduce a reserved keyword for the global context (foo in example)