internal/goversion: update Version to 1.17

(The corresponding update for the last release cycle was CL 248038.)

For #40705.

Change-Id: I13becdc4c3718a1c6986876ec56879cce3bcb34f
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/275297
Trust: Bryan C. Mills <bcmills@google.com>
Run-TryBot: Bryan C. Mills <bcmills@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Go Bot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Dmitri Shuralyov <dmitshur@golang.org>

src/internal/goversion/goversion.go

@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ package goversion
 //
 // It should be updated at the start of each development cycle to be
 // the version of the next Go 1.x release. See golang.org/issue/40705.
-const Version = 16
+const Version = 17