com.google.gson.JsonIOException: Abstract classes can't be instantiated! Register an InstanceCreator or a TypeAdapter for this type. #2379

maheshordex · 2023-04-24T12:34:21Z

Gson version

'2.10.1'

Java / Android version

JDK 17
Android Android Studio Flamingo | 2022.2.1

Used tools

Maven; version:
Gradle; version:
ProGuard (attach the configuration file please); version:
...

Description

When we convert json string to Model class it gives error related to adapter. I just updated android studio to latest version it works in older version.

Expected behavior

It should convert json string to Model class.

Actual behavior

It throws an error.

Reproduction steps

...
...

Exception stack trace

W  com.google.gson.JsonIOException: Abstract classes can't be instantiated! Register an InstanceCreator or a TypeAdapter for this type. Class name: com.xxx.xxx.data.pojo.other.GeneralResponse
2023-04-24 16:30:49.897 23084-23084 System.err              com.xxx.xxx                  W  	at com.google.gson.internal.ConstructorConstructor$3.construct(ConstructorConstructor.java:136)
2023-04-24 16:30:49.897 23084-23084 System.err              com.xxx.xxx                  W  	at com.google.gson.internal.bind.ReflectiveTypeAdapterFactory$FieldReflectionAdapter.createAccumulator(ReflectiveTypeAdapterFactory.java:427)
2023-04-24 16:30:49.897 23084-23084 System.err              com.xxx.xxx                  W  	at com.google.gson.internal.bind.ReflectiveTypeAdapterFactory$Adapter.read(ReflectiveTypeAdapterFactory.java:383)
2023-04-24 16:30:49.898 23084-23084 System.err              com.xxx.xxx                  W  	at com.google.gson.Gson.fromJson(Gson.java:1227)
2023-04-24 16:30:49.898 23084-23084 System.err              com.xxx.xxx                  W  	at com.google.gson.Gson.fromJson(Gson.java:1137)
2023-04-24 16:30:49.898 23084-23084 System.err              com.xxx.xxx                  W  	at com.google.gson.Gson.fromJson(Gson.java:1047)
2023-04-24 16:30:49.898 23084-23084 System.err              com.xxx.xxx                  W  	at com.google.gson.Gson.fromJson(Gson.java:982)
2023-04-24 16:30:49.898 23084-23084 System.err              com.xxx.xxx                  W  	at com.xxx.xxx.data.repository.BaseRepository.checkSuccess(BaseRepository.kt:8)
2023-04-24 16:30:49.898 23084-23084 System.err              com.xxx.xxx                  W  	at com.xxx.xxx.data.repository.ApiRepository.login(ApiRepository.kt:51)
2023-04-24 16:30:49.898 23084-23084 System.err              com.xxx.xxx                  W  	at com.xxx.xxx.data.repository.ApiRepository$login$1.invokeSuspend(ApiRepository.kt:0)
2023-04-24 16:30:49.898 23084-23084 System.err              com.xxx.xxx                  W  	at kotlin.coroutines.jvm.internal.BaseContinuationImpl.resumeWith(ContinuationImpl.kt:33)
2023-04-24 16:30:49.898 23084-23084 System.err              com.xxx.xxx                  W  	at kotlinx.coroutines.DispatchedTask.run(DispatchedTask.kt:106)
2023-04-24 16:30:49.898 23084-23084 System.err              com.xxx.xxx                  W  	at android.os.Handler.handleCallback(Handler.java:938)
2023-04-24 16:30:49.899 23084-23084 System.err              com.xxx.xxx                  W  	at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:99)
2023-04-24 16:30:49.899 23084-23084 System.err              com.xxx.xxx                  W  	at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:223)
2023-04-24 16:30:49.899 23084-23084 System.err              com.xxx.xxx                  W  	at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:7656)
2023-04-24 16:30:49.899 23084-23084 System.err              com.xxx.xxx                  W  	at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Native Method)
2023-04-24 16:30:49.899 23084-23084 System.err              com.xxx.xxx                  W  	at com.android.internal.os.RuntimeInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(RuntimeInit.java:592)
2023-04-24 16:30:49.899 23084-23084 System.err              com.xxx.xxx                  W  	at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:947)

The text was updated successfully, but these errors were encountered:

Marcono1234 · 2023-04-24T21:53:46Z

I just updated android studio to latest version it works in older version.

Have you also updated Gson, or is the Gson version the same?

Is GeneralResponse actually an abstract class? And if so, have you registered a TypeAdapter (or JsonDeserializer) for it? If not it is a bit surprising that this exception did not occur before.

Could you please try to create a minimal, reproducible example?

SearchDream · 2023-04-25T04:34:26Z

I think this issue was caused by the latest update of gradle (8.0), which by default is R8 full mode.

maheshordex · 2023-04-25T06:14:23Z

Marcono1234: I have updated latest gson version 2.10.1
SearchDream : May be possible as it is working in old gradle and old android studio

maheshordex · 2023-04-25T06:14:53Z

Please check for JDK 17 support

SearchDream · 2023-04-25T08:21:13Z

I add "android.enableR8.fullMode=false" on gradle.properties and the error was gone.

cdiazc · 2023-04-25T11:07:23Z

@SearchDream Same here, adding the line got rid of the exact same error. Thank you !

maheshordex · 2023-04-25T12:09:14Z

@SearchDream @cdiazc
If I added android.enableR8.fullMode=false it shows below error

Missing classes detected while running R8. Please add the missing classes or apply additional keep rules that are generated in D:****\app\build\outputs\mapping\release\missing_rules.txt.

SearchDream · 2023-04-26T01:56:51Z

I also notice this kind of error, please check: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/70037537/proguard-missing-classes-detected-while-running-r8-after-adding-package-names-in

pandelisgreen13 · 2023-05-02T11:55:24Z

I have the same error with R8 (full mode) when I updated the AGP to version 8.0

maheshordex · 2023-05-02T12:46:47Z

@pandelisgreen13 did you got any solution for it ?
I am still searching for solution

kzotin · 2023-05-02T14:40:24Z

First applied recommendations from here, though they didn't help.

What helped is replacing

-keepclassmembers,allowobfuscation class * {
 @com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName <fields>;
}

with

-keep class * {
  @com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName <fields>;
}

maheshordex · 2023-05-03T07:33:07Z

@kzotin
Thanks for update for me I need to add all below lines.

-keepclassmembers,allowobfuscation class * {
  @com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName <fields>;
}

-keep class * {
  @com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName <fields>;
}
-keepnames class com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.** { *; }
-dontwarn com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.**

jaison043 · 2023-05-04T16:34:02Z

Same issue for here too on release builds. The above mentioned fixes didn't worked . What worked was switch back to Gradle 7.5 for now.

maheshordex · 2023-05-05T05:39:15Z

@jaison043
I think you can try after remove below code

-keepclassmembers,allowobfuscation class * {
@com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName ;
}

JuanchiFraga · 2023-05-26T14:56:31Z

The previously mentioned rules didn't work in my project. With the arrival of AGP 8.0 and Android Studio Flamingo, the rule that solved my problem was

-if class *
-keepclasseswithmembers class <1> {
    <init>(...);
    @com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName <fields>;
}

Marcono1234 · 2023-05-28T22:58:20Z

We have added a section to the Troubleshooting Guide which hopefully helps with this:

JsonIOException: 'Abstract classes can't be instantiated!' (R8)

Could you please check if the entry is useful for you or if we should improve it in any way?

@kzotin's suggestion in #2379 (comment) might work as well, but in the R8 integration tests I added it appears R8 then just does not make the class abstract anymore but might still remove all constructors. So you will be dependent on JDK Unsafe then to create instances of the class (see also GsonBuilder.disableJdkUnsafe()). Would be good if someone could verify this by checking if using disableJdkUnsafe() will then throw a different exception saying "Unable to create instance of ...".

captainepoch · 2023-05-30T12:44:47Z

The previously mentioned rules didn't work in my project. With the arrival of AGP 8.0 and Android Studio Flamingo, the rule that solved my problem was
-if class *
-keepclasseswithmembers class <1> {
    <init>(...);
    @com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName <fields>;
}

This rule worked perfectly for me, thanks!

randauto · 2023-05-31T01:25:35Z

@kzotin Thanks for update for me I need to add all below lines.

-keepclassmembers,allowobfuscation class * {
  @com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName <fields>;
}

-keep class * {
  @com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName <fields>;
}
-keepnames class com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.** { *; }
-dontwarn com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.**

It's worked for me, thanks!

gemeauxph · 2023-07-29T17:58:22Z

Side note: If not using the @SerializedName annotation, using:

-keep class * { @com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName <fields>; }

will remove the error but not fix the issue since data object members will still be null. So you need to add:

-keepclassmembers class MyDataClass { !transient <fields>; }

simply replace MyDataClass with your data class, this is mentioned here R8 FAQ

In my case, I had to include both.

jasonrobinson-gpsw · 2023-08-16T00:03:46Z

This worked for us:

-if class * {
  @com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName *** *;
}
-keepclassmembers,allowobfuscation class <1> {
  <init>();
  @com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName <fields>;
}

It will only work though if you're deserializing a class that has at least 1 field annotated with @SerializedName. In that case, you'll either have to annotate the class with @Keep or add a rule specific to that class that retains its empty constructor.

coinzdude · 2023-08-27T22:38:59Z

The previously mentioned rules didn't work in my project. With the arrival of AGP 8.0 and Android Studio Flamingo, the rule that solved my problem was
-if class *
-keepclasseswithmembers class <1> {
    <init>(...);
    @com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName <fields>;
}

This worked for me as well. debug build works fine, release did not. I put that rule at the end of my proguard-rules.pro file

gradle:8.1.0-alpha05

                    val gson = Gson()
                    val document = gson.fromJson(response, Document::class.java) // This is the line that would crash

not sure if needed, but I decorated all my anonymous class properties too

    data class Document(
        @SerializedName("items") val items: List<Item>
    )

data class Item(
        @SerializedName("deviceId") val deviceId: String,
        @SerializedName("name") val name: String,
        @SerializedName("label") val label: String,
        @SerializedName("components") val components: List<Component>
    )

Shvet · 2023-10-10T04:40:57Z

First applied recommendations from here, though they didn't help.

What helped is replacing
-keepclassmembers,allowobfuscation class * {
 @com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName <fields>;
}
with
-keep class * {
  @com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName <fields>;
}

any update for R8 issue? In some projects, This solution works and in some other projects, it does not.

Marcono1234 · 2023-10-10T22:27:59Z

In some projects, This solution works and in some other projects, it does not.

@Shvet, could you please provide some more information? Are the projects where this does not work also consistently using @SerializedName on all of their fields? And are you talking about this specific "Abstract classes can't be instantiated!" issue, or some other issues with R8 (e.g. incorrect JSON, missing field values, other exceptions...)?

jaydeepbhayani · 2023-10-17T19:16:55Z

The previously mentioned rules didn't work in my project. With the arrival of AGP 8.0 and Android Studio Flamingo, the rule that solved my problem was
-if class *
-keepclasseswithmembers class <1> {
    <init>(...);
    @com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName <fields>;
}
This worked for me as well. debug build works fine, release did not. I put that rule at the end of my proguard-rules.pro file

gradle:8.1.0-alpha05
                    val gson = Gson()
                    val document = gson.fromJson(response, Document::class.java) // This is the line that would crash
not sure if needed, but I decorated all my anonymous class properties too
    data class Document(
        @SerializedName("items") val items: List<Item>
    )

data class Item(
        @SerializedName("deviceId") val deviceId: String,
        @SerializedName("name") val name: String,
        @SerializedName("label") val label: String,
        @SerializedName("components") val components: List<Component>
    )

For gradle 8.0 with Android Studio Giraffe | 2022.3.1 Patch 2 worked for me

OR

android.enableR8.fullMode=false add this to gradle.properties.

gerardoeg · 2023-10-19T18:18:22Z

First applied recommendations from here, though they didn't help.

What helped is replacing
-keepclassmembers,allowobfuscation class * {
 @com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName <fields>;
}
with
-keep class * {
  @com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName <fields>;
}

This worked with AGP 8.0 with the defaults in android.enableR8.fullMode

Shvet · 2023-10-27T06:22:27Z

In some projects, This solution works and in some other projects, it does not.

@Shvet, could you please provide some more information? Are the projects where this does not work also consistently using @SerializedName on all of their fields? And are you talking about this specific "Abstract classes can't be instantiated!" issue, or some other issues with R8 (e.g. incorrect JSON, missing field values, other exceptions...)?

@Marcono1234 Sorry for late reply, I am talking about only "Abstract classes can't be instantiated". AS for more infomation I can not send you sample code as I can not upload them for public.

n-abdelmaksoud · 2023-11-14T20:20:40Z

-keep class com.google.gson.reflect.TypeToken { *; }

-keep class * extends com.google.gson.reflect.TypeToken

This helped me to fix the issue. Hope it helps someone after staying the whole day trying several solutions.

akardas16 · 2023-12-09T11:44:35Z

above methods didn't work for me.

Process: com.akardas16.chatgpt, PID: 20654 com.google.gson.JsonIOException: Abstract classes can't be instantiated! Register an InstanceCreator or a TypeAdapter for this type. Class name: android.graphics.drawable.Drawable at com.google.gson.internal.ConstructorConstructor$3.construct(ConstructorConstructor.java:136) at com.google.gson.internal.bind.ReflectiveTypeAdapterFactory$FieldReflectionAdapter.createAccumulator(ReflectiveTypeAdapterFactory.java:427) at com.google.gson.internal.bind.ReflectiveTypeAdapterFactory$Adapter.read(ReflectiveTypeAdapterFactory.java:383) at com.google.gson.internal.bind.TypeAdapterRuntimeTypeWrapper.read(TypeAdapterRuntimeTypeWrapper.java:40) at com.google.gson.internal.bind.CollectionTypeAdapterFactory$Adapter.read(CollectionTypeAdapterFactory.java:82) at com.google.gson.internal.bind.CollectionTypeAdapterFactory$Adapter.read(CollectionTypeAdapterFactory.java:61) at com.google.gson.Gson.fromJson(Gson.java:1227) at com.google.gson.Gson.fromJson(Gson.java:1137) at com.google.gson.Gson.fromJson(Gson.java:1047) at com.google.gson.Gson.fromJson(Gson.java:1014) at com.akardas16.chatgpt.roomdatabase.ConverterDrawableList.toDrawables(RoomDataModel.kt:45) at com.akardas16.chatgpt.roomdatabase.DaoInterface_Impl.getAllItems(DaoInterface_Impl.java:217) at com.akardas16.chatgpt.tabscreens.HomeTabKt$HomeTab$1$1.invokeSuspend(HomeTab.kt:172) at kotlin.coroutines.jvm.internal.BaseContinuationImpl.resumeWith(ContinuationImpl.kt:33) at kotlinx.coroutines.DispatchedTask.run(DispatchedTask.kt:108) at kotlinx.coroutines.internal.LimitedDispatcher$Worker.run(LimitedDispatcher.kt:115) at kotlinx.coroutines.scheduling.TaskImpl.run(Tasks.kt:103) at kotlinx.coroutines.scheduling.CoroutineScheduler.runSafely(CoroutineScheduler.kt:584) at kotlinx.coroutines.scheduling.CoroutineScheduler$Worker.executeTask(CoroutineScheduler.kt:793) at kotlinx.coroutines.scheduling.CoroutineScheduler$Worker.runWorker(CoroutineScheduler.kt:697) at kotlinx.coroutines.scheduling.CoroutineScheduler$Worker.run(CoroutineScheduler.kt:684) Suppressed: kotlinx.coroutines.internal.DiagnosticCoroutineContextException: [androidx.compose.ui.platform.MotionDurationScaleImpl@4560aab, androidx.compose.runtime.BroadcastFrameClock@b24d508, StandaloneCoroutine{Cancelling}@3c754a1, Dispatchers.IO]

Marcono1234 · 2023-12-09T23:14:48Z

@akardas16, what you are experiencing seems to be unrelated to this R8 issue.

According to the exception, you are trying to deserialize android.graphics.drawable.Drawable, which is indeed abstract, so the exception is correct. And also in general you should not (implicitly) use Gson's reflection-based adapter for third party classes, such as Android library classes. Because you will then depend on the internals of these classes which could differ between Android versions (possibly even between Android devices). Instead exclude the field of type Drawable in case you did not want to deserialize it in the first place, or write a custom TypeAdapter. If you have any questions regarding this, it might be best to ask them on Stack Overflow, to not move this issue here too far off-topic.

danatechgithub4 · 2024-01-12T02:56:08Z

This is normal

This is R8

R8 changed all data class that have not been instantiated into abstract classes, f--k!

-if class * -keepclasseswithmembers class <1> { <init>(...); @com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName <fields>; }
solved my problem

raquezha · 2024-01-24T05:51:28Z

The previously mentioned rules didn't work in my project. With the arrival of AGP 8.0 and Android Studio Flamingo, the rule that solved my problem was
-if class *
-keepclasseswithmembers class <1> {
    <init>(...);
    @com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName <fields>;
}

This worked for me thanks!

joknu1 · 2024-02-06T14:31:05Z

Having to add

-keep class * {
  @com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName <fields>;
}

when setting fullMode=true, made apk size bigger than if removing the rule, and build with fullMode=false. 🚀

wh173d3v11 · 2024-04-21T15:43:50Z

In My case, I have used @keep annotation for data classes, but the import was wrong com.google.errorprone.annotations.Keep🤕

It should Import - androidx.annotation.Keep 🤩

Additionally i already have these in my proguard rules.

#Gson
-keepattributes Signature
-keep class com.google.gson.reflect.TypeToken { *; }
-keep class * extends com.google.gson.reflect.TypeToken

This solved my issue.

Marcono1234 · 2024-07-22T22:40:11Z

Gson 2.11.0 has been released which includes default ProGuard / R8 configuration. If your classes use @SerializedName on the fields and have a no-args constructor, no additional ProGuard / R8 configuration might be needed. Additionally a Gson Troubleshooting Guide section exists for this issue.

Can you please try Gson 2.11.0 and let us know if that solves the issue for you?

coinzdude · 2024-08-03T23:43:30Z

libs.versions - Copy.toml.txt
proguard-rules - Copy.pro.txt
proguard-rules - Copy.pro.txt

Thanks, I tried it, but it did not help for my project. I still require the below.

# This was needed for gson support in release mode. sad.
-if class *
-keepclasseswithmembers class <1> {
    <init>(...);
    @com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName <fields>;
}

if I comment the above completely, I get

C:\Users\Admin\AndroidStudioProjects\SmarterGarage\mobile\build\intermediates\dex\release\minifyReleaseWithR8\classes.dex: The process cannot access the file because it is being used by another process

if I use this:

# This was needed for gson support in release mode. sad.
-if class *
-keepclasseswithmembers class <1> {
    <init>(...);
#    @com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName <fields>;
}

I get

> Task :mobile:minifyReleaseWithR8 FAILED
AGPBI: {"kind":"error","text":"java.util.ConcurrentModificationException","sources":[{}],"tool":"R8"}

java.util.ConcurrentModificationException

Marcono1234 · 2024-08-04T18:39:21Z

@coinzdude, you should probably report that to the R8 maintainers (and make sure you are using the latest R8 version), and maybe edit your comment and link to the bug report here then. So far all reports here were about successful builds, but runtime issues when using Gson.
For you it seems even the build is failing.

coinzdude · 2024-08-05T00:19:34Z

That makes sense to me, now. Thanks! I'll also try to build serial just to verify for play store release build.

mwshubham · 2024-08-08T13:39:56Z

First applied recommendations from here, though they didn't help.

What helped is replacing
-keepclassmembers,allowobfuscation class * {
 @com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName <fields>;
}
with
-keep class * {
  @com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName <fields>;
}

@kzotin Thanks for your comment. Works for my case as well. Wanted to understand why it was not working with guidelines mention in https://github.com/google/gson/blob/main/Troubleshooting.md#-jsonioexception-abstract-classes-cant-be-instantiated-r8

Marcono1234 · 2024-08-08T20:39:03Z

@mwshubham, which Gson version are you using?

And does your class have a no-args constructor? For Gson 2.11.0 the gson.pro (which should be applied automatically) only keeps the no-args constructor.

mwshubham · 2024-08-10T01:28:41Z

@mwshubham, which Gson version are you using?

And does your class have a no-args constructor? For Gson 2.11.0 the gson.pro (which should be applied automatically) only keeps the no-args constructor.

This explains. We don't have classes with no-args construtor with gson 2.11.0. And hence keep is required.

dhirajpowar · 2024-10-17T06:14:17Z

I also faced same issue after AGP upgrade to 8.7. I updated my data classes properties with @SerializedName("propertyName"). It solved my issue.

maheshordex added the bug label Apr 24, 2023

Marcono1234 mentioned this issue May 27, 2023

Add ProGuard / R8 integration tests & add default ProGuard rules #2397

Merged

9 tasks

Marcono1234 mentioned this issue Jun 3, 2023

Improve default ProGuard / R8 rules and Troubleshooting Guide #2401

Closed

Marcono1234 added the proguard-r8 Issues relating to the use of ProGuard and/or R8, such as problems due to obfuscation label Mar 29, 2024

Marcono1234 added the needs-info label Jul 22, 2024

com.google.gson.JsonIOException: Abstract classes can't be instantiated! Register an InstanceCreator or a TypeAdapter for this type. #2379

com.google.gson.JsonIOException: Abstract classes can't be instantiated! Register an InstanceCreator or a TypeAdapter for this type. #2379

Comments

maheshordex commented Apr 24, 2023

Gson version

Java / Android version

Used tools

Description

Expected behavior

Actual behavior

Reproduction steps

Exception stack trace

Marcono1234 commented Apr 24, 2023

SearchDream commented Apr 25, 2023

maheshordex commented Apr 25, 2023

maheshordex commented Apr 25, 2023

SearchDream commented Apr 25, 2023

cdiazc commented Apr 25, 2023

maheshordex commented Apr 25, 2023 • edited Loading

SearchDream commented Apr 26, 2023

pandelisgreen13 commented May 2, 2023

maheshordex commented May 2, 2023

kzotin commented May 2, 2023

maheshordex commented May 3, 2023

jaison043 commented May 4, 2023

maheshordex commented May 5, 2023

JuanchiFraga commented May 26, 2023

Marcono1234 commented May 28, 2023

captainepoch commented May 30, 2023

randauto commented May 31, 2023

gemeauxph commented Jul 29, 2023 • edited Loading

jasonrobinson-gpsw commented Aug 16, 2023

coinzdude commented Aug 27, 2023 • edited Loading

Shvet commented Oct 10, 2023

Marcono1234 commented Oct 10, 2023

jaydeepbhayani commented Oct 17, 2023

gerardoeg commented Oct 19, 2023

Shvet commented Oct 27, 2023

n-abdelmaksoud commented Nov 14, 2023 • edited Loading

akardas16 commented Dec 9, 2023

Marcono1234 commented Dec 9, 2023

danatechgithub4 commented Jan 12, 2024

raquezha commented Jan 24, 2024

joknu1 commented Feb 6, 2024

wh173d3v11 commented Apr 21, 2024 • edited Loading

Marcono1234 commented Jul 22, 2024 • edited Loading

coinzdude commented Aug 3, 2024 • edited Loading

Marcono1234 commented Aug 4, 2024 • edited Loading

coinzdude commented Aug 5, 2024

mwshubham commented Aug 8, 2024

Marcono1234 commented Aug 8, 2024

mwshubham commented Aug 10, 2024

dhirajpowar commented Oct 17, 2024

maheshordex commented Apr 25, 2023 •

edited

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gemeauxph commented Jul 29, 2023 •

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coinzdude commented Aug 27, 2023 •

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n-abdelmaksoud commented Nov 14, 2023 •

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wh173d3v11 commented Apr 21, 2024 •

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