Use .EqualFold() to parse urn prefixed UUIDs

Prior to this commit we used a comparison with the result of ToLower()
to test for a "urn:uuid" prefix in both UUID strings and byte slices.

This commit replaces the ToLower and string comparison with both
strings.EqualFold() and bytes.EqualFold().

This reduces the CPU time across the board for UUIDs that start with
"urn:uuid" and eliminates some allocations when parsing bytes.

The benchmark output was generated by adding "urn:uuid" to the test
input.

goos: linux
goarch: amd64
pkg: github.com/google/uuid
cpu: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-10510U CPU @ 1.80GHz
                      │ /tmp/output1 │             /tmp/output2              │
                      │    sec/op    │    sec/op     vs base                 │
Parse-8                 35.87n ± ∞ ¹   33.75n ± ∞ ¹        ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
ParseBytes-8            65.10n ± ∞ ¹   35.56n ± ∞ ¹        ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
ParseBytesUnsafe-8      35.31n ± ∞ ¹   34.70n ± ∞ ¹        ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
ParseBytesCopy-8        78.01n ± ∞ ¹   61.21n ± ∞ ¹        ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
ParseBadLength-8        3.499n ± ∞ ¹   3.084n ± ∞ ¹        ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
ParseLen32Truncated-8   3.335n ± ∞ ¹   3.334n ± ∞ ¹        ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
ParseLen36Corrupted-8   63.02n ± ∞ ¹   58.26n ± ∞ ¹        ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
geomean                 24.11n         20.51n        -14.92%
¹ need >= 6 samples for confidence interval at level 0.95
² need >= 4 samples to detect a difference at alpha level 0.05

                      │ /tmp/output1 │           /tmp/output2           │
                      │     B/op     │    B/op      vs base             │
Parse-8                  0.000 ± ∞ ¹   0.000 ± ∞ ¹  ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
ParseBytes-8             16.00 ± ∞ ¹    0.00 ± ∞ ¹  ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ³
ParseBytesUnsafe-8       0.000 ± ∞ ¹   0.000 ± ∞ ¹  ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
ParseBytesCopy-8         48.00 ± ∞ ¹   48.00 ± ∞ ¹  ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
ParseBadLength-8         0.000 ± ∞ ¹   0.000 ± ∞ ¹  ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
ParseLen32Truncated-8    0.000 ± ∞ ¹   0.000 ± ∞ ¹  ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
ParseLen36Corrupted-8    16.00 ± ∞ ¹   16.00 ± ∞ ¹  ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
geomean                            ⁴                ?               ⁴ ⁵
¹ need >= 6 samples for confidence interval at level 0.95
² all samples are equal
³ need >= 4 samples to detect a difference at alpha level 0.05
⁴ summaries must be >0 to compute geomean
⁵ ratios must be >0 to compute geomean

                      │ /tmp/output1 │           /tmp/output2           │
                      │  allocs/op   │  allocs/op   vs base             │
Parse-8                  0.000 ± ∞ ¹   0.000 ± ∞ ¹  ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
ParseBytes-8             1.000 ± ∞ ¹   0.000 ± ∞ ¹  ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ³
ParseBytesUnsafe-8       0.000 ± ∞ ¹   0.000 ± ∞ ¹  ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
ParseBytesCopy-8         1.000 ± ∞ ¹   1.000 ± ∞ ¹  ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
ParseBadLength-8         0.000 ± ∞ ¹   0.000 ± ∞ ¹  ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
ParseLen32Truncated-8    0.000 ± ∞ ¹   0.000 ± ∞ ¹  ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
ParseLen36Corrupted-8    1.000 ± ∞ ¹   1.000 ± ∞ ¹  ~ (p=1.000 n=1) ²
geomean                            ⁴                ?               ⁴ ⁵
¹ need >= 6 samples for confidence interval at level 0.95
² all samples are equal
³ need >= 4 samples to detect a difference at alpha level 0.05
⁴ summaries must be >0 to compute geomean
⁵ ratios must be >0 to compute geomean

uuid.go

@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ func Parse(s string) (UUID, error) {
 
 	// urn:uuid:xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx
 	case 36 + 9:
-		if strings.ToLower(s[:9]) != "urn:uuid:" {
+		if !strings.EqualFold(s[:9], "urn:uuid:") {
 			return uuid, fmt.Errorf("invalid urn prefix: %q", s[:9])
 		}
 		s = s[9:]
@@ -101,7 +101,8 @@ func Parse(s string) (UUID, error) {
 		9, 11,
 		14, 16,
 		19, 21,
-		24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34} {
+		24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34,
+	} {
 		v, ok := xtob(s[x], s[x+1])
 		if !ok {
 			return uuid, errors.New("invalid UUID format")
@@ -117,7 +118,7 @@ func ParseBytes(b []byte) (UUID, error) {
 	switch len(b) {
 	case 36: // xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx
 	case 36 + 9: // urn:uuid:xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx
-		if !bytes.Equal(bytes.ToLower(b[:9]), []byte("urn:uuid:")) {
+		if !bytes.EqualFold(b[:9], []byte("urn:uuid:")) {
 			return uuid, fmt.Errorf("invalid urn prefix: %q", b[:9])
 		}
 		b = b[9:]
@@ -145,7 +146,8 @@ func ParseBytes(b []byte) (UUID, error) {
 		9, 11,
 		14, 16,
 		19, 21,
-		24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34} {
+		24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34,
+	} {
 		v, ok := xtob(b[x], b[x+1])
 		if !ok {
 			return uuid, errors.New("invalid UUID format")