Run tests against PostgreSQL 17 (doctrine#6575)

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|      Q       |   A
|------------- | -----------
| Type         | improvement
| Fixed issues | <!-- use #NUM format to reference an issue -->

#### Summary

Run CI tests against Postgres 17.

.github/workflows/continuous-integration.yml

@@ -232,29 +232,29 @@ jobs:
           - "7.4"
         postgres-version:
           - "9.4"
-          - "15"
           - "16"
+          - "17"
         extension:
           - "pgsql"
           - "pdo_pgsql"
         include:
           - php-version: "8.2"
-            postgres-version: "16"
+            postgres-version: "17"
             extension: "pgsql"
           - php-version: "8.3"
-            postgres-version: "16"
+            postgres-version: "17"
             extension: "pgsql"
           - php-version: "8.4"
-            postgres-version: "16"
+            postgres-version: "17"
             extension: "pgsql"
           - php-version: "8.2"
-            postgres-version: "16"
+            postgres-version: "17"
             extension: "pdo_pgsql"
           - php-version: "8.3"
-            postgres-version: "16"
+            postgres-version: "17"
             extension: "pdo_pgsql"
           - php-version: "8.4"
-            postgres-version: "16"
+            postgres-version: "17"
             extension: "pdo_pgsql"
 
     services: