apacheGH-44206: [CI][macOS] Drop support for macOS 12 (apache#44212)

### Rationale for this change

Homebrew dropped support for macOS 12 (Monterey): Homebrew/brew#18314

### What changes are included in this PR?

Use macOS 13 instead of macOS 12 as much as possible.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* GitHub Issue: apache#44206

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>

.github/workflows/cpp.yml

@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         include:
           - architecture: AMD64
-            macos-version: "12"
+            macos-version: "13"
           - architecture: ARM64
             macos-version: "14"
     env:

.github/workflows/csharp.yml

@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ jobs:
 
   macos:
     name: AMD64 macOS 13 C# ${{ matrix.dotnet }}
-    runs-on: macos-13 # Pending https://github.com/pythonnet/pythonnet/issues/2396
+    runs-on: macos-13
     if: ${{ !contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'WIP') }}
     timeout-minutes: 15
     strategy:

.github/workflows/java.yml

@@ -106,8 +106,8 @@ jobs:
         run: archery docker push ${{ matrix.image }}
 
   macos:
-    name: AMD64 macOS 12 Java JDK ${{ matrix.jdk }}
-    runs-on: macos-12
+    name: AMD64 macOS 13 Java JDK ${{ matrix.jdk }}
+    runs-on: macos-13
     if: ${{ !contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'WIP') }}
     timeout-minutes: 30
     strategy:

.github/workflows/js.yml

@@ -81,8 +81,8 @@ jobs:
         run: archery docker push debian-js
 
   macos:
-    name: AMD64 macOS 12 NodeJS ${{ matrix.node }}
-    runs-on: macos-12
+    name: AMD64 macOS 13 NodeJS ${{ matrix.node }}
+    runs-on: macos-13
     if: ${{ !contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'WIP') }}
     timeout-minutes: 30
     strategy:

.github/workflows/matlab.yml

@@ -104,10 +104,10 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         include:
-            - architecture: AMD64
-              macos-version: "12"
-            - architecture: ARM64
-              macos-version: "14"
+          - architecture: AMD64
+            macos-version: "13"
+          - architecture: ARM64
+            macos-version: "14"
     steps:
       - name: Check out repository
         uses: actions/checkout@v4

.github/workflows/python.yml

@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         include:
           - architecture: AMD64
-            macos-version: "12"
+            macos-version: "13"
           - architecture: ARM64
             macos-version: "14"
     env:

.github/workflows/ruby.yml

@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ jobs:
         run: archery docker push ubuntu-ruby
 
   macos:
-    name: AMD64 macOS 14 GLib & Ruby
+    name: ARM64 macOS 14 GLib & Ruby
     runs-on: macos-latest
     if: ${{ !contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'WIP') }}
     timeout-minutes: 60

dev/tasks/r/github.packages.yml

@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         platform:
           - { runs_on: 'windows-latest', name: "Windows"}
-          - { runs_on: macos-12, name: "macOS x86_64"}
+          - { runs_on: macos-13, name: "macOS x86_64"}
           - { runs_on: macos-14, name: "macOS arm64" }
         r_version: [oldrel, release]
     steps:
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         platform:
           - {runs_on: "ubuntu-latest", name: "Linux"}
-          - {runs_on: "macos-12" , name: "macOS"}
+          - {runs_on: "macos-13" , name: "macOS"}
     steps:
       - name: Install R
         uses: r-lib/actions/setup-r@v2

dev/tasks/tasks.yml

@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ tasks:
 
 {############################## Wheel macOS ####################################}
 
-{% for macos_version, macos_codename in [("12.0", "monterey")] %}
+{% for macos_version, macos_codename in [("13.0", "ventura")] %}
   {% set platform_tag = "macosx_{}_x86_64".format(macos_version.replace('.', '_')) %}
 
   wheel-macos-{{ macos_codename }}-{{ python_tag }}-{{ abi_tag }}-amd64:
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ tasks:
       python_version: "{{ python_version }}"
       python_abi_tag: "{{ abi_tag }}"
       macos_deployment_target: "{{ macos_version }}"
-      runs_on: "macos-12"
+      runs_on: "macos-13"
       vcpkg_arch: "amd64"
     artifacts:
       - pyarrow-{no_rc_version}-{{ python_tag }}-{{ abi_tag }}-{{ platform_tag }}.whl
@@ -964,7 +964,7 @@ tasks:
     params:
       target: {{ target }}
       use_conda: True
-      github_runner: "macos-12"
+      github_runner: "macos-13"
   {% endfor %}
 
   {% for target in ["cpp",
@@ -979,7 +979,7 @@ tasks:
     template: verify-rc/github.macos.yml
     params:
       target: {{ target }}
-      github_runner: "macos-12"
+      github_runner: "macos-13"
   {% endfor %}
 
   {% for target in ["cpp",
@@ -1001,7 +1001,7 @@ tasks:
       github_runner: "macos-14"
   {% endfor %}
 
-  {% for macos_version in ["12"] %}
+  {% for macos_version in ["13"] %}
   verify-rc-binaries-wheels-macos-{{ macos_version }}-amd64:
     ci: github
     template: verify-rc/github.macos.yml