Backport of [NET-8367] security: upgrade google.golang.org/protobuf to 1.33.0 into release/1.16.x

[hc-github-team-consul-core]

Backport

This PR is auto-generated from #20801 to be assessed for backporting due to the inclusion of the label backport/1.16.

🚨

Warning automatic cherry-pick of commits failed. If the first commit failed,
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The person who merged in the original PR is:
@zalimeni
This person should manually cherry-pick the original PR into a new backport PR,
and close this one when the manual backport PR is merged in.

merge conflict error: POST https://api.github.com/repos/hashicorp/consul/merges: 409 Merge conflict []

The below text is copied from the body of the original PR.

---

Resolves CVE-2024-24786.

Description

Change made by running

make go-mod-get DEP_VERSION=google.golang.org/protobuf@v1.33.0
make go-mod-get DEP_VERSION=github.com/golang/protobuf@v1.5.4

to bump dependency across submodules, then

make --always-make proto

to update proto files (comments only).

Will likely require manual fixes to backport but possible it'll inline, so starting w/ the labels.

Testing & Reproduction steps

CI continues to pass.

PR Checklist

• updated test coverage
• external facing docs updated
• appropriate backport labels added
• not a security concern

---

Overview of commits

• a407616 - 455f67f

[hashicorp-cla]

All committers have signed the CLA.

[github-team-consul-core-pr-approver]

Auto approved Consul Bot automated PR