Backport of CSI: enforce usage at claim time into release/1.2.x

[hc-github-team-nomad-core]

Backport

This PR is auto-generated from #12112 to be assessed for backporting due to the inclusion of the label backport/1.2.x.

The below text is copied from the body of the original PR.

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When the scheduler checks feasibility for CSI volumes, the check is
fairly loose: earlier versions of the same job are not counted as
active claims. This allows the scheduler to place new allocations
for the new version of a job, under the assumption that we'll replace
the existing allocations and their volume claims.

But when the alloc runner claims the volume, we need to enforce the
active claims even if they're for allocations of an earlier version of
the job. Otherwise we'll try to mount a volume that's currently being
unmounted, and this will cause replacement allocations to frequently
fail.

This changeset corrects this behavior for both write claims and read
claims. I've broken it across a small set of commits for clarity.

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Partial fix for #8609 but will also require #12113 to handle this scenario gracefully on the client.

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