refactor(header): make Quality an opaque struct

This makes the `u16` in `Quality` private, since it only has a valid
range of 0-1000, and can't be enforced in public. The `q` function now
allows both `f32`s and `u16`s to construct a `Quality`.

BREAKING CHANGE: Any use of `Quality(num)` should change to `q(num)`.

src/header/common/accept.rs

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ header! {
     /// );
     /// ```
     /// ```
-    /// use hyper::header::{Headers, Accept, QualityItem, Quality, qitem};
+    /// use hyper::header::{Headers, Accept, QualityItem, q, qitem};
     /// use hyper::mime::{Mime, TopLevel, SubLevel};
     ///
     /// let mut headers = Headers::new();
@@ -64,11 +64,11 @@ header! {
     ///         qitem(Mime(TopLevel::Application,
     ///                    SubLevel::Ext("xhtml+xml".to_owned()), vec![])),
     ///         QualityItem::new(Mime(TopLevel::Application, SubLevel::Xml, vec![]),
-    ///                          Quality(900)),
+    ///                          q(900)),
     ///                          qitem(Mime(TopLevel::Image,
     ///                                     SubLevel::Ext("webp".to_owned()), vec![])),
     ///                          QualityItem::new(Mime(TopLevel::Star, SubLevel::Star, vec![]),
-    ///                                           Quality(800))
+    ///                                           q(800))
     ///     ])
     /// );
     /// ```
@@ -85,18 +85,18 @@ header! {
         //    test1,
         //    vec![b"audio/*; q=0.2, audio/basic"],
         //    Some(HeaderField(vec![
-        //        QualityItem::new(Mime(TopLevel::Audio, SubLevel::Star, vec![]), Quality(200)),
+        //        QualityItem::new(Mime(TopLevel::Audio, SubLevel::Star, vec![]), q(200)),
         //        qitem(Mime(TopLevel::Audio, SubLevel::Ext("basic".to_owned()), vec![])),
         //        ])));
         test_header!(
             test2,
             vec![b"text/plain; q=0.5, text/html, text/x-dvi; q=0.8, text/x-c"],
             Some(HeaderField(vec![
-                QualityItem::new(Mime(TopLevel::Text, SubLevel::Plain, vec![]), Quality(500)),
+                QualityItem::new(Mime(TopLevel::Text, SubLevel::Plain, vec![]), q(500)),
                 qitem(Mime(TopLevel::Text, SubLevel::Html, vec![])),
                 QualityItem::new(
                     Mime(TopLevel::Text, SubLevel::Ext("x-dvi".to_owned()), vec![]),
-                    Quality(800)),
+                    q(800)),
                 qitem(Mime(TopLevel::Text, SubLevel::Ext("x-c".to_owned()), vec![])),
                 ])));
         // Custom tests
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ header! {
             Some(Accept(vec![
                 QualityItem::new(Mime(TopLevel::Text,
                     SubLevel::Plain, vec![(Attr::Charset, Value::Utf8)]),
-                    Quality(500)),
+                    q(500)),
             ])));
 
         #[test]

src/header/common/accept_charset.rs

@@ -29,13 +29,13 @@ header! {
     /// );
     /// ```
     /// ```
-    /// use hyper::header::{Headers, AcceptCharset, Charset, Quality, QualityItem};
+    /// use hyper::header::{Headers, AcceptCharset, Charset, q, QualityItem};
     ///
     /// let mut headers = Headers::new();
     /// headers.set(
     ///     AcceptCharset(vec![
-    ///         QualityItem::new(Charset::Us_Ascii, Quality(900)),
-    ///         QualityItem::new(Charset::Iso_8859_10, Quality(200)),
+    ///         QualityItem::new(Charset::Us_Ascii, q(900)),
+    ///         QualityItem::new(Charset::Iso_8859_10, q(200)),
     ///     ])
     /// );
     /// ```

src/header/common/accept_encoding.rs

@@ -45,14 +45,14 @@ header! {
     /// );
     /// ```
     /// ```
-    /// use hyper::header::{Headers, AcceptEncoding, Encoding, QualityItem, Quality, qitem};
+    /// use hyper::header::{Headers, AcceptEncoding, Encoding, QualityItem, q, qitem};
     ///
     /// let mut headers = Headers::new();
     /// headers.set(
     ///     AcceptEncoding(vec![
     ///         qitem(Encoding::Chunked),
-    ///         QualityItem::new(Encoding::Gzip, Quality(600)),
-    ///         QualityItem::new(Encoding::EncodingExt("*".to_owned()), Quality(0)),
+    ///         QualityItem::new(Encoding::Gzip, q(600)),
+    ///         QualityItem::new(Encoding::EncodingExt("*".to_owned()), q(0)),
     ///     ])
     /// );
     /// ```

src/header/common/accept_language.rs

@@ -36,15 +36,15 @@ header! {
     /// ```
     /// # extern crate hyper;
     /// # #[macro_use] extern crate language_tags;
-    /// # use hyper::header::{Headers, AcceptLanguage, QualityItem, Quality, qitem};
+    /// # use hyper::header::{Headers, AcceptLanguage, QualityItem, q, qitem};
     /// #
     /// # fn main() {
     /// let mut headers = Headers::new();
     /// headers.set(
     ///     AcceptLanguage(vec![
     ///         qitem(langtag!(da)),
-    ///         QualityItem::new(langtag!(en;;;GB), Quality(800)),
-    ///         QualityItem::new(langtag!(en), Quality(700)),
+    ///         QualityItem::new(langtag!(en;;;GB), q(800)),
+    ///         QualityItem::new(langtag!(en), q(700)),
     ///     ])
     /// );
     /// # }
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ header! {
             test2, vec![b"en-US, en; q=0.5, fr"],
             Some(AcceptLanguage(vec![
                 qitem("en-US".parse().unwrap()),
-                QualityItem::new("en".parse().unwrap(), Quality(500)),
+                QualityItem::new("en".parse().unwrap(), q(500)),
                 qitem("fr".parse().unwrap()),
         ])));
     }

src/header/common/te.rs

@@ -45,14 +45,14 @@ header! {
     /// );
     /// ```
     /// ```
-    /// use hyper::header::{Headers, TE, Encoding, QualityItem, Quality, qitem};
+    /// use hyper::header::{Headers, TE, Encoding, QualityItem, q, qitem};
     ///
     /// let mut headers = Headers::new();
     /// headers.set(
     ///     TE(vec![
     ///         qitem(Encoding::Trailers),
-    ///         QualityItem::new(Encoding::Gzip, Quality(600)),
-    ///         QualityItem::new(Encoding::EncodingExt("*".to_owned()), Quality(0)),
+    ///         QualityItem::new(Encoding::Gzip, q(600)),
+    ///         QualityItem::new(Encoding::EncodingExt("*".to_owned()), q(0)),
     ///     ])
     /// );
     /// ```

src/header/shared/quality_item.rs

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ use std::default::Default;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::str;
 
+use self::internal::IntoQuality;
+
 /// Represents a quality used in quality values.
 ///
 /// Can be created with the `q` function.
@@ -19,17 +21,7 @@ use std::str;
 /// [RFC7231 Section 5.3.1](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-5.3.1)
 /// gives more information on quality values in HTTP header fields.
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, Ord, PartialEq, PartialOrd)]
-pub struct Quality(pub u16);
-
-impl fmt::Display for Quality {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        match self.0 {
-            1000 => Ok(()),
-            0 => f.write_str("; q=0"),
-            x => write!(f, "; q=0.{}", format!("{:03}", x).trim_right_matches('0'))
-        }
-    }
-}
+pub struct Quality(u16);
 
 impl Default for Quality {
     fn default() -> Quality {
@@ -67,7 +59,12 @@ impl<T: PartialEq> cmp::PartialOrd for QualityItem<T> {
 
 impl<T: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for QualityItem<T> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "{}{}", self.item, format!("{}", self.quality))
+        try!(fmt::Display::fmt(&self.item, f));
+        match self.quality.0 {
+            1000 => Ok(()),
+            0 => f.write_str("; q=0"),
+            x => write!(f, "; q=0.{}", format!("{:03}", x).trim_right_matches('0'))
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -113,6 +110,7 @@ impl<T: str::FromStr> str::FromStr for QualityItem<T> {
     }
 }
 
+#[inline]
 fn from_f32(f: f32) -> Quality {
     // this function is only used internally. A check that `f` is within range
     // should be done before calling this method. Just in case, this
@@ -127,10 +125,45 @@ pub fn qitem<T>(item: T) -> QualityItem<T> {
     QualityItem::new(item, Default::default())
 }
 
-/// Convenience function to create a `Quality` from a float.
-pub fn q(f: f32) -> Quality {
-    assert!(f >= 0f32 && f <= 1f32, "q value must be between 0.0 and 1.0");
-    from_f32(f)
+/// Convenience function to create a `Quality` from a float or integer.
+/// 
+/// Implemented for `u16` and `f32`. Panics if value is out of range.
+pub fn q<T: IntoQuality>(val: T) -> Quality {
+    val.into_quality()
+}
+
+mod internal {
+    use super::Quality;
+
+    // TryFrom is probably better, but it's not stable. For now, we want to
+    // keep the functionality of the `q` function, while allowing it to be
+    // generic over `f32` and `u16`.
+    //
+    // `q` would panic before, so keep that behavior. `TryFrom` can be
+    // introduced later for a non-panicking conversion.
+
+    pub trait IntoQuality: Sealed + Sized {
+        fn into_quality(self) -> Quality;
+    }
+
+    impl IntoQuality for f32 {
+        fn into_quality(self) -> Quality {
+            assert!(self >= 0f32 && self <= 1f32, "float must be between 0.0 and 1.0");
+            super::from_f32(self)
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl IntoQuality for u16 {
+        fn into_quality(self) -> Quality {
+            assert!(self <= 1000, "u16 must be between 0 and 1000");
+            Quality(self)
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    pub trait Sealed {}
+    impl Sealed for u16 {}
+    impl Sealed for f32 {}
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -139,17 +172,17 @@ mod tests {
     use super::super::encoding::*;
 
     #[test]
-    fn test_quality_item_show1() {
+    fn test_quality_item_fmt_q_1() {
         let x = qitem(Chunked);
         assert_eq!(format!("{}", x), "chunked");
     }
     #[test]
-    fn test_quality_item_show2() {
+    fn test_quality_item_fmt_q_0001() {
         let x = QualityItem::new(Chunked, Quality(1));
         assert_eq!(format!("{}", x), "chunked; q=0.001");
     }
     #[test]
-    fn test_quality_item_show3() {
+    fn test_quality_item_fmt_q_05() {
         // Custom value
         let x = QualityItem{
             item: EncodingExt("identity".to_owned()),
@@ -158,6 +191,16 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(format!("{}", x), "identity; q=0.5");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_quality_item_fmt_q_0() {
+        // Custom value
+        let x = QualityItem{
+            item: EncodingExt("identity".to_owned()),
+            quality: Quality(0),
+        };
+        assert_eq!(x.to_string(), "identity; q=0");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_quality_item_from_str1() {
         let x: ::Result<QualityItem<Encoding>> = "chunked".parse();
@@ -201,11 +244,6 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(q(0.5), Quality(500));
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn test_quality2() {
-        assert_eq!(format!("{}", q(0.0)), "; q=0");
-    }
-
     #[test]
     #[should_panic] // FIXME - 32-bit msvc unwinding broken
     #[cfg_attr(all(target_arch="x86", target_env="msvc"), ignore)]