fix(outputs.mqtt): Retry metrics for server timeout

[srebhan]

Summary

Currently, the MQTT output drops all metrics if an error occurred while publishing. This PR will keep the metrics and retry in case the publishing times out, which is the case if the remote server is down.

Checklist

• No AI generated code was used in this PR

Related issues

resolves #14750

[telegraf-tiger]

Download PR build artifacts for linux_amd64.tar.gz, darwin_arm64.tar.gz, and windows_amd64.zip.
Downloads for additional architectures and packages are available below.

⚠️ This pull request increases the Telegraf binary size by 1.53 % for linux amd64 (new size: 228.3 MB, nightly size 224.8 MB)

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Artifact URLs

DEB	RPM	TAR GZ	ZIP
amd64.deb	aarch64.rpm	darwin_amd64.tar.gz	windows_amd64.zip
arm64.deb	armel.rpm	darwin_arm64.tar.gz	windows_arm64.zip
armel.deb	armv6hl.rpm	freebsd_amd64.tar.gz	windows_i386.zip
armhf.deb	i386.rpm	freebsd_armv7.tar.gz
i386.deb	ppc64le.rpm	freebsd_i386.tar.gz
mips.deb	riscv64.rpm	linux_amd64.tar.gz
mipsel.deb	s390x.rpm	linux_arm64.tar.gz
ppc64el.deb	x86_64.rpm	linux_armel.tar.gz
riscv64.deb		linux_armhf.tar.gz
s390x.deb		linux_i386.tar.gz
		linux_mips.tar.gz
		linux_mipsel.tar.gz
		linux_ppc64le.tar.gz
		linux_riscv64.tar.gz
		linux_s390x.tar.gz