Remove proto crates from the repository

[hu55a1n1]

Partially addresses: #2639
Closes: #1579

Description

This PR is part of the repo-split work and deletes the proto crates (ibc-proto and ibc-proto-compiler) from the workspace and modifies other crates to depend on the crates.io versions of the proto crate directly. It also attempts to delete all references to the proto crates in the repository (docs, GitHub workflows, etc.).

The PR additionally fixes some GitHub workflow paths that were incorrect.

Note: Since we haven't executed the split yet, I added a patch to the workspace (and to the no-std-check crate) to use https://github.com/hu55a1n1/ibc-proto as a git dependency for the time being. This must be removed prior to merging.

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PR author checklist:

• Added changelog entry, using unclog.
• Added tests: integration (for Hermes) or unit/mock tests (for modules).
• Linked to GitHub issue.
• Updated code comments and documentation (e.g., docs/).
• Tagged one reviewer who will be the one responsible for shepherding this PR.
• Remove the cargo workspace (and no-std-check crate) patch git dependency

Reviewer checklist:

• Reviewed Files changed in the GitHub PR explorer.
• Manually tested (in case integration/unit/mock tests are absent).