I added structural similarity index (SSIM) loss.

ivy/functional/ivy/losses.py

@@ -381,3 +381,63 @@ def sparse_cross_entropy(
     return ivy.cross_entropy(
         true, pred, axis=axis, epsilon=epsilon, reduction=reduction, out=out
     )
+
+
+@handle_exceptions
+@handle_nestable
+@handle_array_like_without_promotion
+@inputs_to_ivy_arrays
+@handle_array_function
+def ssim_loss(
+    true: Union[ivy.Array, ivy.NativeArray],
+    pred: Union[ivy.Array, ivy.NativeArray],
+    out: Optional[ivy.Array] = None,
+) -> ivy.Array:
+    """Calculate the Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) loss between two
+    images.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+        true: A 4D image array of shape (batch_size, channels, height, width).
+        pred: A 4D image array of shape (batch_size, channels, height, width).
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+        ivy.Array: The SSIM loss measure similarity between the two images.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    With :class:`ivy.Array` input:
+    >>> import ivy
+    >>> x = ivy.ones((5, 3, 28, 28))
+    >>> y = ivy.zeros((5, 3, 28, 28))
+    >>> ivy.ssim_loss(x, y)
+    ivy.array(0.99989986)
+    """
+    # Constants for stability
+    C1 = 0.01 ** 2
+    C2 = 0.03 ** 2
+
+    # Calculate the mean of the two images
+    mu_x = ivy.avg_pool2d(pred, (3, 3), (1, 1), "SAME")
+    mu_y = ivy.avg_pool2d(true, (3, 3), (1, 1), "SAME")
+
+    # Calculate variance and covariance
+    sigma_x2 = ivy.avg_pool2d(pred * pred, (3, 3), (1, 1), "SAME") - mu_x * mu_x
+    sigma_y2 = ivy.avg_pool2d(true * true, (3, 3), (1, 1), "SAME") - mu_y * mu_y
+    sigma_xy = ivy.avg_pool2d(pred * true, (3, 3), (1, 1), "SAME") - mu_x * mu_y
+
+    # Calculate SSIM
+    ssim = ((2 * mu_x * mu_y + C1) * (2 * sigma_xy + C2)) / (
+        (mu_x ** 2 + mu_y ** 2 + C1) * (sigma_x2 + sigma_y2 + C2)
+    )
+
+    # Convert SSIM to loss
+    ssim_loss_value = 1 - ssim
+
+    # Return mean SSIM loss
+    ret = ivy.mean(ssim_loss_value)
+
+    if ivy.exists(out):
+        ret = ivy.inplace_update(out, ret)
+    return ret

ivy_tests/test_ivy/test_functional/test_nn/test_losses.py

@@ -203,3 +203,41 @@ def test_sparse_cross_entropy(
         epsilon=epsilon,
         reduction=reduction,
     )
+
+
+@handle_test(
+    fn_tree="functional.ivy.ssim_loss",
+    dtype_and_true=helpers.dtype_and_values(
+        available_dtypes=helpers.get_dtypes("float"),
+        min_value=-1,
+        max_value=1,
+        min_num_dims=4,
+        max_num_dims=4,
+        min_dim_size=2,
+    ),
+    dtype_and_pred=helpers.dtype_and_values(
+        available_dtypes=helpers.get_dtypes("float"),
+        min_value=-1,
+        max_value=1,
+        min_num_dims=4,
+        max_num_dims=4,
+        min_dim_size=2,
+    ),
+)
+def test_ssim_loss(
+    dtype_and_true, dtype_and_pred, test_flags, backend_fw, fn_name, on_device
+):
+    true_dtype, true = dtype_and_true
+    pred_dtype, pred = dtype_and_pred
+
+    helpers.test_function(
+        input_dtypes=pred_dtype + true_dtype,
+        test_flags=test_flags,
+        backend_to_test=backend_fw,
+        fn_name=fn_name,
+        on_device=on_device,
+        true=true[0],
+        pred=pred[0],
+        rtol_=1e-02,
+        atol_=1e-02,
+    )