Roboto

Roboto is a node.js crawler framework that you can use to do things like:

• Crawl documents in an intranet for search indexing.
• Crawl an app to check for broken links (example).
• General purpose crawling of the web (news crawler example).
• Scrape a website for data aggregation (hackernews example).
• Much more!

Installation

  $ npm install roboto

Usage

Here's an example of roboto being used to crawl a fictitious news site:

var roboto = require('roboto');
var html_strip = require('htmlstrip-native').html_strip;

var fooCrawler = new roboto.Crawler({
  startUrls: [
    "http://www.foonews.com/latest",
  ],
  allowedDomains: [ // optional
    "foonews.com",
  ]
});

// Add parsers to the crawler.
// Each will parse a data item from the response
fooCrawler.parseField('title', function(response, $){
  return $('head title').text();
});

// $ is a cherio selector loaded with the response body.
// Use it like you would jquery.
// See https://github.com/cheeriojs/cheerio for more info.
fooCrawler.parseField('body', function(response, $){
  var html = $('body').html();
  return html_strip(html);
});

// response has a few attributes from 
// http://nodejs.org/api/http.html#http_http_incomingmessage
fooCrawler.parseField('url', function(response, $){
  return response.url;
});

// Do something with the items you parse
fooCrawler.on('item', function(item) {
  // item = { 
  //    title: 'Foo happened today!', 
  //    body: 'It was amazing', 
  //    url: http://www.foonews.com/latest 
  // }

  database.save(item, function(err) {
    if (err) crawler.log(err);
  });

});

fooCrawler.crawl();

For more options, see the Options Reference.

Basic Options

The only required option is startUrls.

var crawler = new roboto.Crawler({
  startUrls: [
    "http://www.example.com",
  ],
  allowedDomains: [ "example.com" ],
  blacklist: [            
    /accounts/,
  ],
  whitelist: [             
    /stories/,
    /sports/
  ]
});

allowedDomains can be used to limit page crawls to certain domains.

Any urls matching a pattern specified in blacklist wont be crawled.

If a whitelist has been specified, only urls matching a pattern in whitelist will be crawled.

In the example crawler above, the following urls would get crawled:

• http://www.example.com/stories/foo-bar.html
• http://www.example.com/stories/1900-01-01/old-stories.html
• http://www.example.com/sports/football/people-kicking-balls.html

And the following urls would not:

• http://www.example.com/accounts/passwords.html (match in blacklist)
• http://www.example.com/foo/bar/page.html (no match in whitelist)
• http://www.badnews.com/foo/bar/page.html (not in allowedDomains)

Items

For each document roboto crawls, it creates an item. This item will be populated with fields parsed from the document with parser functions added via crawler.parseField.

After a document has been parsed, the crawler will emit an item event. You can subscribe to this event like so:

crawler.on('item', function(item) {
  database.save(item, function(err) {
    if(err) crawler.log(err);
  });
});

// Probably not a wise idea, but for the purpose of illustration:
crawler.on('item', function(item) {
  fs.writeFile(item.filename, item.body, function (err) {
    if (err) crawler.log(err);
  });
});

Pipelines

Pipelines are item processing plugins which you can add to a crawler like so:

crawler.pipeline(somePipeline);

roboto-solr

This pipeline can be used to write extracted items to a solr index.

A fieldMap can be specified in the options of the constructor to change the key of an item as it is stored in solr.

In the following example, the crawler is parsing a 'url' field which will be stored in the solr index as 'id'

var robotoSolr = roboto.pipelines.robotoSolr({
  host: '127.0.0.1',
  port: '8983',
  core: '/collection1', // if defined, should begin with a slash
  path: '/solr', // should also begin with a slash
  fieldMap: {
    'url': 'id',
    'body': 'content_t'
  }
});

myCrawler.pipeline(robotoSolr);

Create your own.

Creating your own pipeline plugin can make it easeir to share the same item processing logic across projects. It also lets you share it with others!

The signature of a pipeline function is function(item, callback). The callback function takes a single argument err which should be supplied if an error was encountered. Otherwise, it should be invoked with no arguments callback().

var myPipeline = function(item, done) {
  log.info(JSON.stringify(item, null, '  '));
  done();
};

myCrawler.pipeline(myPipeline);

By default, roboto adds the itemLogger pipeline to each crawler. This pipeline simply logs the contents of an item using roboto's built-in logger. This can serve as a good reference point when developing your own pipeline.

Downloaders

The default downloader can be over-ridden with a downloader plugin.

HTTP Authentication

Roboto comes with a downloader plugin that using http authentication in your crawl requests.

var roboto = require('roboto');
var robotoHttpAuth = roboto.downloaders.httpAuth;

// The options should be the auth hash mentioned here:
//   https://github.com/mikeal/request#http-authentication
httpAuthOptions = {
  rejectUnauthorized: true, // defaults to false
  auth: {
    user: 'bob',
    pass: 'secret'
  }
}
myCrawler.downloader(robotoHttpAuth(httpAuthOptions));

Create your own

You can create a custom downloader and add it to your crawler downloader function.

var _ = require('underscore');

var myDownloader = function(href, requestHandler) {
  var requestOptions = _.extend(this.defaultRequestOptions, {
    url: href
    headers: {
        'X-foo': 'bar'
    }
  });

  request(requestOptions, requestHandler);
};

myCrawler.downloader(myDownloader) {

The default request options are available in the defaultRequestOptions property of the crawler.

More information about the structure of requestOptions and the signature of requestHandler can be found here.

Url Normalization

Also known as URL canonicalization

This is the process of reducing syntactically different urls to a common simplified form. This is useful while crawling to ensure that multiple urls that point to the same page don't get crawled more than once.

By default roboto normalizes urls with the following procedure:

• Unescaping url encoding /foo/%7Eexample => /foo/~example
• Converting relative urls to absolute /foo.html => http://example.com/bar.html
• Fully resolving paths /foo/../bar/baz.html => /bar/baz.html
• Discarding fragments /foo.html#bar => /foo.html
• Discarding query params /foo.html#bar => /foo.html
• Discarding directory indexes /foo/index.html => /foo
  • index.html, index.php, default.asp, default.aspx are all discarded.
• Removing mutliple occurrences of '/' /foo//bar///baz => /foo/bar/baz
• Removing trailing '/' /foo/bar/ => /foo/bar

Discarding query params all together isn't optimal. A planned enhancement is to sort query params, and possibly detect safe params to remove (sort, rows, etc.).

Link Extraction

By default, roboto will extract all links from a page and add them onto the queue of pages to be crawled unless they:

• Don't contain an href attribute.
• Have rel="nofollow" or rel="noindex".
• Don't belong to a domain listed in the crawler's allowedDomains list.
• Match a rule on the crawler's blacklist.
• Don't match a rule on the crawler's whitelist.
• Have already been crawled

Also, pages will not be processed if the page's <head> contains a tag like:

  <meta name="robots">nofollow</meta>

robots.txt

In addition to the rules outlined above, roboto will also obey directives contained in a domain's robots.txt file. Directives are parsed as outlined here.

If the robots.txt file specifies a Crawl-Delay directive, that will be given precedence over the requestDelay option passed to the crawler constructor.

You can set the option obeyRobotsTxt to false in the constructor to disregard the rules in robots.txt files:

var fooCrawler = new roboto.Crawler({
  startUrls: [
    "http://www.foonews.com/latest",
  ],
  obeyRobotsTxt: false
});

Before roboto crawls an url, it will fetch the domain's robots.txt file, parse the directives, and skip crawling the url if a directive disallows it. The fetched robots.txt file is is then cached.

Note that roboto will fetch the robots.txt of subdomains. For example, when crawling http://news.ycombinator.com, http://news.ycombinator.com/robots.txt will be fetched, not http://ycombinator.com/robots.txt.

Options Reference

The only required option is startUrls.

var crawler = new roboto.Crawler({
  startUrls: [
    "http://www.example.com",
  ],
  allowedDomains: [ 
    "example.com",          // subdomains like news.example.com are allowed
  ],
  constrainToRootDomains: true,  // defaults to false
  blacklist: [              // matching urls will be filtered
    /rss/,
    /privacy/,
    /accounts/,
  ],
  whitelist: [              // urls must match one of these to be crawled
    /foo/,
    /bar/,
  ],
  maxDepth: 10,             // Crawled links deeper than this will be filtered. 
  requestDelay: 10,         // delay between requests in ms, defaults to 0
  obeyRobotsTxt: false,     // defaults to true
  obeyNofollow: false,      // defaults to true
  allowedContentTypes: [    // These are the defaults
    'text/html',
    'application/xhtml+xml',
    'application/xml'
  ],
  statsDumpInterval: 20     // The page rate at which stats are dumped.
});

constrainToRootDomains can be used instead of (or in addition to) allowedDomains. If this option is specified, roboto will automatically add the top level domain of each url in startUrls to the list of allowed domains. If you've written a crawler with many start urls, it can be easier to use this option than to explicitly list each allowed domain.

If no allowedDomains have been specified, and constrainToRootDomains has been set to false, roboto will crawl will add all links to the queue, regardless of domain. This can obviously result in very large crawls (a large portion of the internet if you pick the right startUrls).

Logging

Logging is handled by log.js, which is super light weight and very easy to use.

You can access the logger from your crawler. The log level can be set in the options passed to the Crawler constructor.

var myCrawler = new roboto.Crawler({
  startUrls: [ "http://www.mysite.com" ],
  logLevel: 'debug'
});

// Logging methods, by priority
myCrawler.log.emergency('Something caught fire.');
myCrawler.log.alert('Something catastrophic happened.');
myCrawler.log.critical('Something terrible happened.');
myCrawler.log.error('Something bad happened.');
myCrawler.log.warning('Something alarming happened.');
myCrawler.log.notice('Something noticeable happened.');
myCrawler.log.info('Something happened.');
myCrawler.log.debug('Something happened here.');

Examples

Available here.

• Crawl an app to check for broken links.
• Crawl the top 20 news sites according to Alexa).
• Crawl Hacker News.

Alternatives

Scrapy is an awesome python framework for scraping/crawling. It's fairly mature and has a good feature set. It's a good option if your looking to do something like this in python. If you're familiar with scrapy, many of roboto's concepts may seem familiar.

A couple of annoyances led me to look for alternatives to scrapy:

• No handling for 'nofollow' out of the box
• Link extraction is overly complicated
• Bulky xml libraries
• My day job is a web developer, so I want jQuery like DOM manipulation. (you suck xpath)

Nutch is a popular off the shelf crawler. It's mature and full featured like Lucene and Solr.

Roadmap

Currently planned features:

• Domain clumping avoidance.
• Pause and resume.
• More pipelines (.csv, elastic-search, mongo)
• Built-in caching (alternative to a caching proxy like Squid).
• Site map handling.

Feel free to create an issue if there's a feature you'd like to see or a bug you want fixed :)