Bump Golang to v1.21.10

[zhzhuang-zju]

What type of PR is this?
/kind cleanup

What this PR does / why we need it:
Bump Golang version from v1.21.8 to v1.21.10
Which issue(s) this PR fixes:
Parts of #4907

Special notes for your reviewer:

Does this PR introduce a user-facing change?:

Karmada is now built with Go1.21.10. 

[RainbowMango]

/lgtm
/approve

[karmada-bot]

[APPROVALNOTIFIER] This PR is APPROVED

This pull-request has been approved by: RainbowMango

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[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 53.13%. Comparing base (81b8c4c) to head (08ea8c0).

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Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##           master    #4920   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   53.12%   53.13%           
=======================================
  Files         251      251           
  Lines       20415    20415           
=======================================
+ Hits        10846    10848    +2     
+ Misses       8855     8854    -1     
+ Partials      714      713    -1     

Flag	Coverage Δ
unittests	53.13% <ø> (+<0.01%)	⬆️

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