Move config validation to the CatalogConfigResolver init

[ElenaKhaustova]

Description

Solves #4188

Development notes

In this PR, we:

1. Added new method - _validate_pattern_config to validate pattern configuration at the CatalogConfigResolver init
2. Simplified _resolve_dataset_config method removing validation and keeping only filling placeholders logic

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Checklist

• Read the contributing guidelines
• Signed off each commit with a Developer Certificate of Origin (DCO)
• Opened this PR as a 'Draft Pull Request' if it is work-in-progress
• Updated the documentation to reflect the code changes
• Added a description of this change in the RELEASE.md file
• Added tests to cover my changes
• Checked if this change will affect Kedro-Viz, and if so, communicated that with the Viz team

[ankatiyar]

LGTM!