[release-1.6] 🌱 Bump docker to v24.0.5

[chrischdi]

What this PR does / why we need it:

Manual cherry-pick of #2081.

Release Notes: https://github.com/moby/moby/releases/tag/v24.0.5

This fixes issues similar to kubernetes-sigs/cluster-api#9037 related to using go 1.20.6.

This also should fix our Conformance tests in CI which are currently red, e.g.:

https://prow.k8s.io/view/gs/kubernetes-jenkins/logs/periodic-cluster-api-provider-vsphere-conformance-release-1-7/1683468651639869440

Which issue(s) this PR fixes (optional, in fixes #<issue number>(, fixes #<issue_number>, ...) format, will close the issue(s) when PR gets merged):
Fixes #

Special notes for your reviewer:

Please confirm that if this PR changes any image versions, then that's the sole change this PR makes.

Release note:

Bump docker to v24.0.5

[sbueringer]

/lgtm

[randomvariable]

/lgtm
/approve

[k8s-ci-robot]

[APPROVALNOTIFIER] This PR is APPROVED

This pull-request has been approved by: randomvariable

The full list of commands accepted by this bot can be found here.

The pull request process is described here

Needs approval from an approver in each of these files:

• OWNERS [randomvariable]

Approvers can indicate their approval by writing /approve in a comment
Approvers can cancel approval by writing /approve cancel in a comment

[chrischdi]

/retest

Note: wondering if we should exclude golangci lint from make test when running it as separate action too.

[sbueringer]

/retest

Note: wondering if we should exclude golangci lint from make test when running it as separate action too.

I'll make a note on my side. I think we don't enforce golangci-lint yet for merge (which already was on my list). Once we did this we can drop it from the ProwJob

[chrischdi]

/retest

[chrischdi]

Let's wait for #2089

[chrischdi]

/retest