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Expand Up @@ -77,6 +77,8 @@ sometimes word-for-word in Google's coaching notes.

- [Additional Books](#additional-books)
- [Additional Learning](#additional-learning)
- [Compilers](#compilers)
- [Floating Point Numbers](#floating-point-numbers)
- [Unicode](#unicode)
- [Endianness](#endianness)
- [Emacs and vi(m)](#emacs-and-vim)
Expand All @@ -94,8 +96,11 @@ sometimes word-for-word in Google's coaching notes.
- [Messaging, Serialization, and Queueing Systems](#messaging-serialization-and-queueing-systems)
- [Fast Fourier Transform](#fast-fourier-transform)
- [Bloom Filter](#bloom-filter)
- [HyperLogLog](#hyperloglog)
- [Locality-Sensitive Hashing](#locality-sensitive-hashing)
- [van Emde Boas Trees](#van-emde-boas-trees)
- [Augmented Data Structures](#augmented-data-structures)
- [k-D Trees](#k-d-trees)
- [Skip lists](#skip-lists)
- [Network Flows](#network-flows)
- [Disjoint Sets & Union Find](#disjoint-sets--union-find)
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -219,6 +224,7 @@ Sometimes the classes are not in session so you have to wait a couple of months,
## Interview Process & General Interview Prep

- [ ] Videos:
- [ ] [How to Work at Google: Prepare for an Engineering Interview (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ko-KkSmp-Lk)
- [ ] [How to Work at Google - Candidate Coaching Session (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oWbUtlUhwa8&feature=youtu.be)
- [ ] [Google Recruiters Share Technical Interview Tips (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qc1owf2-220&feature=youtu.be)
- [ ] [How to Work at Google: Tech Resume Preparation (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8npJLXkcmu8)
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -354,20 +360,17 @@ Write code on a whiteboard or paper, not a computer. Test with some sample input

## Prerequisite Knowledge

- [ ] **Learn C**
- C is everywhere. You'll see examples in books, lectures, videos, *everywhere* while you're studying.
- [ ] [C Programming Language, Vol 2](https://www.amazon.com/Programming-Language-Brian-W-Kernighan/dp/0131103628)
- This is a short book, but it will give you a great handle on the C language and if you practice it a little
you'll quickly get proficient. Understanding C helps you understand how programs and memory work.
- [answers to questions](https://github.com/lekkas/c-algorithms)

- [ ] **How computers process a program:**
- [ ] [How does CPU execute program (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=42KTvGYQYnA)
- [ ] [Machine Code Instructions (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mv2XQgpbTNE)

- [ ] **Compilers**
- [ ] [How a Compiler Works in ~1 minute (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhC7sdYe-Jg)
- [ ] [Harvard CS50 - Compilers (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CSZLNYF4Klo)
- [ ] [C++ (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=twodd1KFfGk)
- [ ] [Understanding Compiler Optimization (C++) (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FnGCDLhaxKU)

- [ ] **How floating point numbers are stored:**
- [ ] simple 8-bit: [Representation of Floating Point Numbers - 1 (video - there is an error in calculations - see video description)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ji3SfClm8TU)
- [ ] 32 bit: [IEEE754 32-bit floating point binary (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=50ZYcZebIec)

## Algorithmic complexity / Big-O / Asymptotic analysis
- nothing to implement
- [ ] [Harvard CS50 - Asymptotic Notation (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iOq5kSKqeR4)
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -929,7 +932,7 @@ You'll get more graph practice in Skiena's book (see Books section below) and th
- [ ] [NP Completeness III (Video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCX1BGT3wjE&index=17&list=PLFDnELG9dpVxQCxuD-9BSy2E7BWY3t5Sm)
- [ ] [NP Completeness IV (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NKLDp3Rch3M&list=PLFDnELG9dpVxQCxuD-9BSy2E7BWY3t5Sm&index=18)
- [ ] Skiena:
- [ ] [CSE373 2012 - Lecture 23 - Introduction to NP-CompletenessNP Completeness IV (video)](https://youtu.be/KiK5TVgXbFg?list=PLOtl7M3yp-DV69F32zdK7YJcNXpTunF2b&t=1508)
- [ ] [CSE373 2012 - Lecture 23 - Introduction to NP-Completeness (video)](https://youtu.be/KiK5TVgXbFg?list=PLOtl7M3yp-DV69F32zdK7YJcNXpTunF2b&t=1508)
- [ ] [CSE373 2012 - Lecture 24 - NP-Completeness Proofs (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=27Al52X3hd4&index=24&list=PLOtl7M3yp-DV69F32zdK7YJcNXpTunF2b)
- [ ] [CSE373 2012 - Lecture 25 - NP-Completeness Challenge (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xCPH4gwIIXM&index=25&list=PLOtl7M3yp-DV69F32zdK7YJcNXpTunF2b)
- [ ] [Complexity: P, NP, NP-completeness, Reductions (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHZifpgyH_4&list=PLUl4u3cNGP6317WaSNfmCvGym2ucw3oGp&index=22)
Expand All @@ -950,7 +953,7 @@ You'll get more graph practice in Skiena's book (see Books section below) and th

- ### Processes and Threads
- [ ] Computer Science 162 - Operating Systems (25 videos):
- for precesses and threads see videos 1-11
- for processes and threads see videos 1-11
- [Operating Systems and System Programming (video)](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-XXv-cvA_iBDyz-ba4yDskqMDY6A1w_c)
- [What Is The Difference Between A Process And A Thread?](https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-a-process-and-a-thread)
- Covers:
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -1010,7 +1013,7 @@ You'll get more graph practice in Skiena's book (see Books section below) and th
- [ ] [Numbers Everyone Should Know](http://everythingisdata.wordpress.com/2009/10/17/numbers-everyone-should-know/)
- [ ] [How long does it take to make a context switch?](http://blog.tsunanet.net/2010/11/how-long-does-it-take-to-make-context.html)
- [ ] [Transactions Across Datacenters (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=srOgpXECblk)
- [ ] [A plain english introduction to CAP Theorem](http://ksat.me/a-plain-english-introduction-to-cap-theorem/)
- [ ] [A plain English introduction to CAP Theorem](http://ksat.me/a-plain-english-introduction-to-cap-theorem/)
- [ ] Paxos Consensus algorithm:
- [short video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s8JqcZtvnsM)
- [extended video with use case and multi-paxos](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JEpsBg0AO6o)
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -1189,12 +1192,12 @@ You'll get more graph practice in Skiena's book (see Books section below) and th
- [Table Doubling, Karp-Rabin](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BRO7mVIFt08&list=PLUl4u3cNGP61Oq3tWYp6V_F-5jb5L2iHb&index=9)
- [Rolling Hashes, Amortized Analysis](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w6nuXg0BISo&list=PLUl4u3cNGP61Oq3tWYp6V_F-5jb5L2iHb&index=32)
- [ ] Knuth-Morris-Pratt (KMP):
- [Pratt Algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knuth%E2%80%93Morris%E2%80%93Pratt_algorithm)
- [Tutorial: The Knuth-Morris-Pratt (KMP) String Matching Algorithm](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ogqPWJSftE)
- [TThe Knuth-Morris-Pratt (KMP) String Matching Algorithm](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5i7oKodCRJo)
- [ ] Boyer–Moore string search algorithm
- [Boyer-Moore String Search Algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyer%E2%80%93Moore_string_search_algorithm)
- [Advanced String Searching Boyer-Moore-Horspool Algorithms (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDZpzctPf10)
- [ ] [Coursera: Algorithms on Strings](https://www.coursera.org/learn/algorithms-on-strings/home/week/1)
- [ ] [Suffix Arrays (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKPrVm5FWvg)

---

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -1251,6 +1254,19 @@ Supplemental:

**Read as a review and problem recognition**
- [ ] [Algorithm Design Manual](http://www.amazon.com/Algorithm-Design-Manual-Steven-Skiena/dp/1849967202) (Skiena)
- This book has 2 parts:
- class textbook on data structures and algorithms
- pros:
- is a good review as any algorithms textbook would be
- nice stories from his experiences solving problems in industry and academia
- code examples in C
- cons:
- can be as dense or impenetrable as CLRS, and in some cases CLRS may be a better alternative for some subjects
- chapters 7, 8, 9 can be painful to try to follow, as some items are not explained well or require more brain than I have
- don't get me wrong: I like Skiena, his teaching style, and mannerisms, but I may not be Stony Brook material.
- algorithm catalog:
- this is the real reason you buy this book.
- about to get to this part. Will update here once I've made my way through it.
- To quote Yegge: "More than any other book it helped me understand just how astonishingly commonplace
(and important) graph problems are – they should be part of every working programmer's toolkit. The book also
covers basic data structures and sorting algorithms, which is a nice bonus. But the gold mine is the second half
Expand All @@ -1273,14 +1289,42 @@ Supplemental:

**If you have time**
- [ ] [Programming Pearls](http://www.amazon.com/Programming-Pearls-2nd-Jon-Bentley/dp/0201657880)
- [ ] [Algorithms and Programming: Problems and Solutions](http://www.amazon.com/Algorithms-Programming-Solutions-Alexander-Shen/dp/0817638474)
- The first couple of chapters present clever solutions to programming problems (some very old using data tape) but
that is just an intro. This a guidebook on program design and architecture, much like Code Complete, but much shorter.
- [ ] [Grokking Algorithms](https://www.amazon.com/Grokking-Algorithms-illustrated-programmers-curious/dp/1617292230)
- This is a great book for review of CS concepts, and a very quick read.
- Did not have as much Python code as I had hoped for, but has a great chapter on dynamic programming, so I worked through that and finally got the concept.
- [ ] [Write Great Code: Volume 1: Understanding the Machine](https://www.amazon.com/Write-Great-Code-Understanding-Machine/dp/1593270038)
- The book was published in 2004, and is a bit outdated, but it's a terrific resource for understanding a computer.
- The author invented HLA, so take mentions and examples in HLA with a grain of salt. Not widely used, but decent examples of what assembly looks like.
- These chapters are worth the read to give you a nice foundation:
- Chapter 2 - Numeric Representation
- Chapter 3 - Binary Arithmetic and Bit Operations
- Chapter 4 - Floating-Point Representation
- Chapter 5 - Character Representation
- Chapter 6 - Memory Organization and Access
- Chapter 7 - Composite Data Types and Memory Objects
- Chapter 9 - CPU Architecture
- Chapter 10 - Instruction Set Architecture
- Chapter 11 - Memory Architecture and Organization
- For a richer, more up-to-date (2011), but longer treatment, pick up [Computer Architecture, Fifth Edition: A Quantitative Approach](https://www.amazon.com/dp/012383872X/)
- [ ] [Elements of Programming Interviews](https://www.amazon.com/Elements-Programming-Interviews-Insiders-Guide/dp/1479274836)
- all code is in C++, if you're looking to use C++ in your interview
- good book on problem solving in general.

**Perhaps**
- [ ] [Introduction to Algorithms](https://www.amazon.com/Introduction-Algorithms-3rd-MIT-Press/dp/0262033844)
- **Important:** Reading this book will only have limited value. This book is a great review of algorithms and data
structures, but won't teach you how to write good code. You have to be able to code a decent solution efficiently.
- To quote Yegge: "But if you want to come into your interviews *prepped*, then consider deferring your application until you've made your way through that book."
- Half.com is a great resource for textbooks at good prices.
- aka CLR, sometimes CLRS, because Stein was late to the game
- [ ] [Elements of Programming Interviews](https://www.amazon.com/Elements-Programming-Interviews-Insiders-Guide/dp/1479274836)
- all code is in C++, if you're looking to use C++ in your interview
- good book on problem solving in general.

**Removed**
- ~~"Algorithms and Programming: Problems and Solutions" by Shen~~
- A fine book, but after working through problems on several pages I got frustrated with the Pascal, do while loops, 1-indexed arrays, and unclear post-condition satisfaction results.
- Would rather spend time on coding problems from another book or online coding problems.


## Coding exercises/challenges

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -1374,8 +1418,6 @@ You're never really done.

## Additional Books

- [ ] [C Programming Language, Vol 2](https://www.amazon.com/Programming-Language-Brian-W-Kernighan/dp/0131103628)
- [answers to questions](https://github.com/lekkas/c-algorithms)
- [ ] [The Unix Programming Environment](http://product.half.ebay.com/The-UNIX-Programming-Environment-by-Brian-W-Kernighan-and-Rob-Pike-1983-Other/54385&tg=info)
- an oldie but a goodie
- [ ] [The Linux Command Line: A Complete Introduction](https://www.amazon.com/dp/1593273894/)
Expand All @@ -1392,6 +1434,16 @@ You're never really done.

## Additional Learning

- ### Compilers
- [ ] [How a Compiler Works in ~1 minute (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhC7sdYe-Jg)
- [ ] [Harvard CS50 - Compilers (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CSZLNYF4Klo)
- [ ] [C++ (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=twodd1KFfGk)
- [ ] [Understanding Compiler Optimization (C++) (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FnGCDLhaxKU)

- ### Floating Point Numbers
- [ ] simple 8-bit: [Representation of Floating Point Numbers - 1 (video - there is an error in calculations - see video description)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ji3SfClm8TU)
- [ ] 32 bit: [IEEE754 32-bit floating point binary (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=50ZYcZebIec)

- ### Unicode
- [ ] [The Absolute Minimum Every Software Developer Absolutely, Positively Must Know About Unicode and Character Sets]( http://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/Unicode.html)
- [ ] [What Every Programmer Absolutely, Positively Needs To Know About Encodings And Character Sets To Work With Text](http://kunststube.net/encoding/)
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -1567,6 +1619,7 @@ You're never really done.
- [ ] [Avro](https://avro.apache.org/)

- ### Fast Fourier Transform
- [ ] [An Interactive Guide To The Fourier Transform](https://betterexplained.com/articles/an-interactive-guide-to-the-fourier-transform/)
- [ ] [What is a Fourier transform? What is it used for?](http://www.askamathematician.com/2012/09/q-what-is-a-fourier-transform-what-is-it-used-for/)
- [ ] [What is the Fourier Transform? (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xxut2PN-V8Q)
- [ ] [Divide & Conquer: FFT (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iTMn0Kt18tg&list=PLUl4u3cNGP6317WaSNfmCvGym2ucw3oGp&index=4)
Expand All @@ -1579,13 +1632,27 @@ You're never really done.
- [Tutorial](http://billmill.org/bloomfilter-tutorial/)
- [How To Write A Bloom Filter App](http://blog.michaelschmatz.com/2016/04/11/how-to-write-a-bloom-filter-cpp/)

- ### HyperLogLog
- [How To Count A Billion Distinct Objects Using Only 1.5KB Of Memory](http://highscalability.com/blog/2012/4/5/big-data-counting-how-to-count-a-billion-distinct-objects-us.html)

- ### Locality-Sensitive Hashing
- used to determine similarity of documents
- the opposite of md5 or sha which are used to determine if 2 documents/strings are exactly the same.
- [Simhashing (hopefully) made simple](http://ferd.ca/simhashing-hopefully-made-simple.html)

- ### van Emde Boas Trees
- [ ] [Divide & Conquer: van Emde Boas Trees (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmReJCupbNU&list=PLUl4u3cNGP6317WaSNfmCvGym2ucw3oGp&index=6)
- [ ] [MIT Lecture Notes](https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-046j-design-and-analysis-of-algorithms-spring-2012/lecture-notes/MIT6_046JS12_lec15.pdf)

- ### Augmented Data Structures
- [ ] [CS 61B Lecture 39: Augmenting Data Structures](https://youtu.be/zksIj9O8_jc?list=PL4BBB74C7D2A1049C&t=950)

- ### k-D Trees
- great for finding number of points in a rectangle or higher dimension object
- a good fit for k-nearest neighbors
- [ ] [Kd Trees (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W94M9D_yXKk)
- [ ] [kNN K-d tree algorithm (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y4ZgLlDfKDg)

- ### Skip lists
- "These are somewhat of a cult data structure" - Skiena
- [ ] [Randomization: Skip Lists (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2g9OSRKJuzM&index=10&list=PLUl4u3cNGP6317WaSNfmCvGym2ucw3oGp)
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -1621,6 +1688,7 @@ You're never really done.
- [ ] [Linear Programming](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M4K6HYLHREQ)
- [ ] [Finding minimum cost](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ACJ9ewUC6U)
- [ ] [Finding maximum value](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8AA_81xI3ik)
- [ ] [Solve Linear Equations with Python - Simplex Algorithm](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44pAWI7v5Zk)

- ### Geometry, Convex hull (videos)
- [ ] [Graph Alg. IV: Intro to geometric algorithms - Lecture 9](https://youtu.be/XIAQRlNkJAw?list=PLFDnELG9dpVxQCxuD-9BSy2E7BWY3t5Sm&t=3164)
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