Drip is a Python library for exploring multivariate datasets. It supports incremental filtering and efficient data queries using filters backed by bitarrays. Intersections, unions, nots, and xors of these filters are very fast.
Drip operates on ordered lists of data and is agnostic about what the data itself is. For example, a simple list of integers will do.
>>> data = list(range(100))
The fundamental building block in Drip is the filter. A filter is
created against a given list of data with the filter() function. A
predicate is specified when creating a filter with the pred keyword
arg. Predicates can be any boolean function, but some common tests are
included in the drip module for convenience.
- eq (Equality)
- gt (Greater than)
- ge (Greater than or equal)
- lt (Less than)
- le (Less than or equal)
Any number of filters can be created on given dataset.
>>> ge45 = drip.filter(data, pred=drip.ge(45))
>>> le55 = drip.filter(data, pred=drip.le(55))
Queries are performed on the data with filters or combination of
filters. Filters may be combined or modified with any of the standard
Python bitwise operators such as &, |, ~, and ^.
query() returns an iterable generator, so here we expand the results
into a list.
>>> list(drip.query(data, ge45 & le55))
[45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55]
A more typical dataset might be a list of tuples. Here we'll use a list of words enumerated with sequential ids.
>>> with open("/usr/share/dict/words", "r") as fd:
... words = [l.rstrip('\n') for l in fd.readlines()]
>>> data = list(enumerate(words))
For convenience, the item_keys() function can be used to create key functions for retrieving the columns of your data.
>>> id, word = drip.item_keys(2)
These key functions are passed to filter() to select the column to apply to the predicate.
>>> dogs = drip.filter(data, key=word, pred=lambda x: "dog" in x)
>>> cats = drip.filter(data, key=word, pred=lambda x: "cat" in x)
Queries may be performed on the individual filters.
>>> len(list(drip.query(data, dogs)))
222
>>> len(list(drip.query(data, cats)))
2257
Filters may be combined with bitwise operators.
>>> list(drip.query(data, dogs & cats))
[(31723, 'cathodograph'), (31724, 'cathodography'), (56575, 'dogcatcher')]
>>> len(list(drip.query(data, dogs & ~cats)))
219
Here, we're working with the flight data file originally from the crossfilter demo.
>>> with open('flights-3m.csv', 'r') as csvfile:
... data = list(csv.reader(csvfile))[1:]
Define applicable key functions corresponding to the columns of our data.
>>> date, delay, dist, origin, dest = drip.item_keys((str, int, int, str, str))
Create some filters on that data: one to select all flights departing L.A. and one to select all flights arriving in Oakland.
>>> from_lax = drip.filter(data, key=origin, pred=drip.eq('LAX'))
>>> to_oak = drip.filter(data, key=dest, pred=drip.eq('OAK'))
Query these filters individually if you like.
>>> len(list(drip.query(data, from_lax)))
10137
>>> len(list(drip.query(data, to_oak)))
9920
Peak at some data.
>>> next(drip.query(data, to_oak))
['01010625', '-6', '361', 'ONT', 'OAK']
Filter based on something other than equality, such as all flights that were more than 90 minutes late.
>>> very_late = drip.filter(data, key=delay, pred=drip.gt(90))
>>> len(list(drip.query(data, very_late)))
4287
Combine filters using python's bitwise operators.
>>> len(list(drip.query(data, from_lax | to_oak)))
18067
>>> len(list(drip.query(data, from_lax & to_oak)))
1990
>>> len(list(drip.query(data, from_lax & to_oak & very_late)))
39
Alternatively, refine an existing query with an additional predicate.
>>> lax_to_oak = drip.filter(data, from_lax, key=dest, pred=drip.eq('OAK'))
>>> len(list(drip.query(data, lax_to_oak)))
1990
Applying the predicate to create the filters is the slowest part.
>>> len(data)
231083
: %timeit from_lax = drip.filter(data, key=origin, pred=drip.eq('LAX'))
1 loops, best of 3: 287 ms per loop
: %timeit very_late = drip.filter(data, key=delay, pred=drip.gt(90))
1 loops, best of 3: 505 ms per loop
Refining existing filters is faster than creating new ones from the raw data.
: %timeit to_oak = drip.filter(data, key=dest, pred=drip.eq('OAK'))
1 loops, best of 3: 288 ms per loop
: %timeit lax_to_oak = drip.filter(data, from_lax, key=dest, pred=drip.eq('OAK'))
10 loops, best of 3: 105 ms per loop
Once the filter(s) are created, queries are pretty fast.
: %timeit list(drip.query(data, from_lax))
100 loops, best of 3: 13.8 ms per loop
Combining filters does not slow things down.
: %timeit list(drip.query(data, from_lax & to_oak))
100 loops, best of 3: 12.7 ms per loop
: %timeit list(drip.query(data, from_lax & to_oak & very_late))
100 loops, best of 3: 12.4 ms per loop